Psychology's Foundational Concepts

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Introduction to Psychology

Psychology as a Research Science

Empirical Method

Scientific Method

Hypothesis Testing

Qualitative research, Quantitative research

Ethnographic research

Chimpanzee studies (Jane Goodall)

Observation vs. Participation

Observer effects

Observer bias

Correlational research

Direction of causation

Confounding variables

Positive vs. Negative correlation

Survey research

Experimental research

Sampling

Random assignment

Placebo Effect

Controlled experiments

Dependent variable, Independent variable,

Single, Double blind experiments

Health, Stress, Coping

Happiness

Death salience

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Relationship between money and happiness

Mindfulness

Gratitude

Habits, Rituals

Social relationships

Delayed gratification

Future vs. Present self

Coping

5 stages of grief/loss (Kubler-Ross)

Optimal performance

Exercise, sleep

Flow

Normal vs. "Abnormal"

Psychological Disorders

Neuroscience

Memory

Amnesia

False memories

Short-term memory, Long-term memory, Working memory

Sensation, Perception

Illusions

Sensory adaptation

Signal detection

Sensitization vs. Desensitization/habituation

Threshold of perception

5 senses

Endocrine System

Glands

Hormones

Nervous System

Neurons

Neuroplasticity

How drugs work

Neurotransmitters

Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system

Parts of the brain

Case of Phineas Gage (brain damage)

Society and Culture

Family

Warm vs. Cold (Harry Harlow)

Family origins

Group dynamics

Schemas

Social identity

Sterotypes, heuristics, discrimination, implicit biases

Contact hypothesis

Conformity

Social Norms

Bystander Effect

Kitty Ge

Individualism, Collectivism

Major Schools of Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive biases

Knowledge, facts, opinions, fake news

Conspiracy theories

Internal attribution, External attribution

Intelligence

Different kinds of intelligence

IQ Testing

Life Development

Nature vs. Nurture

Reaction range

Zone of Proximal Development (Lev Vygotsky)

4 Stages of Cognitive Development in Children (Jean Piaget)

Deductive Reasoning

Conservation

Object Permanence

Egocentrism

Humanistic Psychology

Social Emotional Learning

Self-reflection, introspection

Self-awareness

Johari Window

Blindspots

Motivation

Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)

Maslow's Hierarchy

Fixed Mindset vs. Growth Mindset

Hertzberg’s 2-Factor Theory: Hygiene factors, Motivating factors

Relationship between money and motivation

McClelland’s Theory of Needs: Achievement, Affiliation, Power

Behavioural Psychology

Psychodynamic Psychology

Models of Personality

16 Personalities (MBTI)

Big 5 Personality Traits (NEO-PI)

Conscious, Subconscious, Unconscious

Id/Ego/Super Ego

Defense Mechanisms (Freud)

Main topic

How we communicate

Pursuasion

Storytelling

Communication Theory

Feedback

Non-violent communication (Rosenberg)

Miscommunication

How we learn

Social Learning Theory

Socialization

Bobo Doll experiments (Albert Bandura)

Operant Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence (ABC)

Rats in a box (BF Skinner)

Positive/Negative Rewards/Consequences

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus-response association

Case of Little Albert (John B. Watson)

Salivating dogs (Ivan Pavlov)