作者：Alyssa Droppo 2 年以前
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Therapeutic cloning produces genetically identical cells in order to treat a disease. Reproductive cloning produces a genetically identical organism.
Genetic research using biotechnology identifies and diagnosing genetic disorders.
Genetic engineering also uses biotechnology to combine genes into a cell.
This allows varieties to produce with in a short amount of time
Karyotype charts are used in the process of meiosis because they determine nondisjunction, genetic screening, and prenatal testing.
A normal male will have 46, XY and a normal female has 46, XX. A down syndrome male has an extra # twenty one chromosome and a female has an extra # eighteen chromosome in Edwards syndrome. An extra X chromosome results in Klinefelter syndrome.
Abnormal meiosis will cause nondisjunction. One daughter cell will have too much genetic information in this case.
PI, MII, AII, and TII are similar to the stages of mitosis
Mitosis is plant and animal cloning. This involves genetic engineering. And transplants, biotechnology in agriculture.
PI. This is where synapsis occurs in order for the individual chromatid of the homologous chromosome pair to intertwine and exchange genetic materials.
MI. In this stage homologous chromosomes will line up along the equatorial plate. This is with exchanged materials.
AI. The daughter cell receives either chromosome from a homologous pair. The mother chromosome will then move to one pole while the father chromosome moves to the other pole. This is where the haploid number of 23 is created.
TI. The membrane now forms around each nucleus. the chromosomes here are not identical. They are just similar.
The result of this is 4 gametes that carry non identical genetic information.
The Haploid number is the amount of chromosomes that undergo meiosis in order to produce gametes with 23 chromosomes.
In Meiosis there are half the amount of chromosomes in the gametes as the parent cell. In mitosis, the parent cells and the daughter cells have the same amount of chromosomes.
Part of mitosis is interphase. The cell spends most of the time in this certain phase. It is the replication of chromosomes and it is rapid growth in order to prepare the cell for the mitosis and cytokinesis stages. Interphase is marked by rapid growth.
All genetic material is contained with chromosomes that are made up of DNA and they are arranged in segments called genes. The purpose of a gene is to carry information for one certain trait or characteristic.
The cell Cycle is the sequence of events from one division to another. This occurs in both cell and nuclear
Secondary succession is a recolonization of an area after a disturbance. This occurs where soil is present. There are changes in composition and number of species over time. This occurs after the climax community has already been developed and it will remain stable unless another ecological disturbance occurs.
Primary succession is the establishment of a community in an area where there has previously been a disturbance and it left exposed rock with no topsoil. Plant's may be a pioneer species in this area because they were one of the first organisms that appeared and survived in the different conditions. The plants attract animal species in order to create a climax community that is self renewing.
A stomata is what regulates the exchange of gasses needed for photosynthesis to occur. It allows water vapor to escape from leaves and diffuse into air spaces. It then evaporates out to the atmosphere through the stomata.
Mesophyll is located between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. It contains parenchyma cells and lot's of chloroplasts. The palisade mesophyll are tightly packed and contain chloroplasts. The spongy mesophyll are irregular shape and they have fewer chloroplasts.
Taproots develop a small lateral root and Fibrous roots occur when primary roots are replaced by adventitious roots that do not penetrate deeply but are widely spread.
Dermal plant tissues are found in the epidermis which produces waxy non cellular layers called the cuticle. The protect against water loss and tissue damage.
Vascular tissue has 2 types. Phloem and xylem. Xylem is made from water and minerals. They contain fibers and cells that are called tracheid and vessels. Phloem transports sugars and is composed of sieve tubes. Ground tissue includes parenchyma (Living cells that make up the bulk of the plant body), collenchyma (Living cell that strengthens the plant), and sclerenchyma (Provides strength and rigidity for structural support).
Angiosperms have enclosed seeds and they are protected inside of a fruit. They are flowering plants and the plant is the reproductive organ. One seed leaves are called monocots
Gymnosperms have naked seeds and they are in a cone like structure that is very unprotected. They all have needle like leaves because it helps the plants survive different weather conditions. They are also covered by a waxy cuticle. Examples are pines, spruces, and cedars. 2 seed leaves are called dicots.
Seed Plants are also called spermatophytes. These are a subdivision of vascular plants. These contain roots, stems, and leaves. They can be many different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are very complex and the idea of the seed, is to protect the embryo.
Plant cells contain a cytoplasm, vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosome, and a Golgi body. The cell is a square type shape.
A cell membrane is a thin layer of proteins, and allows substance to pass into the cell. There is also the lysosome. These are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. The DNA in chromosomes are contained in the nucleus.
They do not process chlorophyll like plants do
Fungi have complex eukaryotic cells like animals and plants.
Fungi get their food by decomposing matter
A protist can cause virus, and diseases
Algae and euglena are 2 types of protists. They are both plantlike protist. Euglena is a pellicle and Algae are multicellular. They do not form tissues.
pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
Blood, Vessels, and the heart
transportation of gasses, maintenance of body temperatures, circulation of hormones, Plays a part in the immune system
The accessory organs are the liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and digestive enzymes. The first step in digestion is chewing.
The 4 stages of food processing are Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.
The respiratory System controls the mechanics of breathing. Inspiration, and expiration. Our lungs expand and contract in order for us to breath in air.
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