RECYCLING BIOPOLYMER

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Chemical Engineering

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Recycling

Technique to recovered waste plastic material & reuse

Mechanical Recycling

Reprocessing

Agglomeration - crumbs or agglomerates state

Extrusion- produce pellets from recycled material

Washing & Drying

Wash by cold & hot water ( 60 degree Celsius) and dried until less than 0.1% moisture

Shredding

Reduce size of scrap by shredder into smaller pile of plastic flakes.

Sorting

Plastics waste are separated from impurities and different type of plastic grade

Techniques

Eddy current separator - use of electric current to separate non-ferrous material

Induction Sorting- inductive sensor detect types of metal & separated by fast air blast

Chitin & Chitosan

Application

Biomedical

Tissue Engineering

prepared in porous form permitting cell growth into tissue

wound dressing for wound skin

Chitin

Natural polysaccharide- Structure similar to cellulose with OH group replace by acetamido group

Chitosan

N- deacetylated derivative of chitin

Characteristic

Biodegradable

Biocompatible

Nonp toxic

Renewable

Matter Cycling in Ecosystem

Major Ecosystem Component

Biotic

Interaction with biotic component- predation, competition, symbiosis,parasitm

Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi

Producer, consumer & decomposer

Abiotic

water, air, temperature, soil, light level, precipitation, salinity

Nitrogen Cycle

a biogeochemical process which nitrogen is converted into many forms, passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere

Nitrogen enter the soil and ocean by lightning & nitrogen fixing bacteria

bacteria turn nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia.

In nitrification, a host of soil bacteria participate in turning ammonia into nitrate – the form of nitrogen that can be used by plants and animals

In nitrogen assimilation, plants finally consume the nitrates made by soil bacteria and use them to make nucleotides, amino acids, and other vital chemicals for life.

In the final step of the nitrogen cycle, anaerobic bacteria can turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas. This process, like the process of turning nitrogen gas into ammonia, must happen in the absence of oxygen

ammonification is performed by soil bacteria which decompose dead plants and animals &the decomposers break down amino acids and nucleic acids into nitrates and ammonia and back into the soil. The ammonia taken up by plants and nitrifying bacteria.

Carbon Cycle

nature's reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again

Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing) and combustion (burning).

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers (life forms that make their own food (plants) to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis . These producers then put off oxygen

Animals feed on the plants & most of the carbon these animals consume exhaled as carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The animals and plants then eventually die.

The dead organisms (dead animals and plants) are eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is then returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

Water Cycle

The natural water cycle moves water from the earth to the atmosphere - and back again

Evaporation- sun heat the water, turning it into water vapor which rises into the air.

Transpiration-water vapor release into the air from people, animal & plant when warmed by sun

Condensation- cooled water vapor in air form tiny water droplets in sky

Precipitation- when water droplets fall from sky as rain, snow.

Percolation-water seeps deeper into tiny spaces in the soil and rock.

Phosphate Cycle

Phosphorus in soil can end up in waterways and eventually oceans. Once there, it can be incorporated into sediments over time.

Within the soil, organic forms of phosphate can be made available to plants by bacteria that break down organic matter to inorganic forms of phosphorus. This process is known as mineralisation.

Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil. The plants then be consumed by animals. Once in the plant or animal, the phosphate is incorporated into organic molecules such as DNA. When the plant or animal dies, it decays, and the organic phosphate is returned to the soil.

Phosphorus moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms.

Composting

Advantages

Save landfill space

low leachate & methane gas production

Enriches soil by production of beneficial bacteria & fungi to create a rich nutrient material in plantation

Material to compost

Dairy

Paper goods

Fruits & Vegetables

Method which organic material is broken down by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen that yield carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds & biomass.

RECYCLING BIOPOLYMER

recycle

Chemical Engineering

Skateboard

Sustainable City