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Rhizeria (Amoebas With Thread-Like Pseudopodia)
Radiolaria
Foraminifera
Common Ancestor (Secondary Plastids)
Stramenopile (Heterokonts) -Tripartite Flagellar Hairs, smooth and hairy flagella)
Oomecytes (Water Moulds)
Brown Algae
Giant Kelp (Macrocystic pyrifera brown algae)
Diatoms
Alveolata (Membranous Vesicles on Cell Wall)
Dinoflagellate
Opisthokonta (fungi, animals) -Multicellularity -Absorptive Heterotrophy
Holozoa
Common Ancestor Of Animals and Choanoflagellates -Mobility
Animals (Metazoa) 770 MYA -Gametic Life Cycle -MultiCellularity -Mobility
Parazoa
Porifera (Basal Taxa) -No Tissues -No Symmetry -Choanocytes -Specialized Tissue
Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta)
Eumetazoa -Tissues -680 MYA
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) -Arguments about diploblasty or triploblasty
Common Ancestor of Bilateria and Cnidaria
Radiata
Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydra) -Diploblasty -Radial Symmetry -Cnidocytes
Common Ancestor of Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa -Alternate between Medusa and Polyp Stages
Pennaria disticha
Scyphozoa -Dominant Medusa Stage
Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)
Anthozoa -Dominant Polyp Stage
Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)
Bilateria -670 MYA -Bilateral Symmetry -Triploblasty -Cephalization (except some mollusca, Echinoderms
Acoela -Early Cephalization -Early Triploblasty
Common Ancestor of Deuterostomia and Protostomes -Triploblasty
Deuterostomia -Blastopore becomes the anus -Radial and indeterminate cleavage
Chordata -Notochord, Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, Post Anal Tail
Common Ancestor of Urochordata (tunicates) and Vertebrates
Vertebrates Common Ancestor of Agnathans Gnathostomes, Osteichthyans, Lobe Fish, Tetrapods, , Amniotes. -Vertebrae -Vertebral Column -Cranium -Endoskeleton -Complex Internal Organs
Common Ancestor of Gnathostomes, Osteichthyans, Lobe-Fins, Tetrapods, Amniotes -Jaws, Mineralized Skeleton -Paired Fins
Common Ancestor of Osteichthyans, Lobe-Fins, Tetrapods, Amniotes -Lungs or Lung Derivatives -Swim Bladder -Bony Skeleton -Opperculum
Common Ancestor of Lobe-Fins, Tetrapods, Amniotes -Lobed Fins
Common Ancestor of Lobe-Fins, Tetrapods, Amniotes
Common Ancestor of Tetrapods and Amniotes -Limbs with Digits -3 and 4 Chambered Hearts -Double Circulation
Common Ancestor of Amniotes -Amniotic Egg
Synapsids
Mammalia (Mammals) -Milk -Endothermy -Hair -4 Chamber Heart
Monotreme -Platypus lay eggs
American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
Diapsids
Reptilia (Turtles, snakes, Crocodiles, birds) -3 or 4 Chamber Hearts
Common Ancestor Of Turtles and Archosaurs
Turtles
Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Archosaurs
Crocodilians -4 Chambered Hearts
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Common Ancestor of Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs, and Saurischians
Pterosaurs
Birds -Endothermy -4 Chamber Hearts
Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)
Lapidosaurs (Snakes and Lizards)
Green anole (Anolis carolinensis)
Amphibia (Frogs, salamanders)
Red Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)
Dipnoi (Lungfishes)
Leopard lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus)
Actinistia (Coelacanths, Lobbed-Fin Fishes)
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)
Blue Tang "Dory" (Paracanthurus hepatus)
Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays, Chimaeras) -Cartilaginous Skeleton
Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Agnathans (Lamphreys Hagfish) Cyclostomes -No Jaws -No Paired Lateral Fins -Reduced Vertebrae -Cartilage Skeleton
Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
Myxini (Hagfish)
Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)
Tunicata/ Urochordate -Reproduce by Budding -Colonial or Solitary -Benthic and Pelagic -Complete Digestive System -Heart and Stomach
Sea Squirt (Polycarpa aurata)
Cephalochordates -Lancelets -Has the 5 Synamorphies
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Ambulacraria
Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchin, Cucumbers) -Water Vascular System (exception to bilateral symmetry as adults) -Pentaradial Symmetry -Spiny Skin
Common Ancestor of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea
Ophiuroidea -Brittle Stars -Tube Feet High Reduced -Long Arms for Locomotion
Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)
Asteroidea -Sea Stars -Water Tube Feet Locomotion
Giant Sea Star (Pisaster giganteus)
Common Ancestor of Echinoidea and Holothuroidea
Holothuroidea -Sea Cucumber -Elongated -Lack Spine -Endoskeleton Reduced - Tiny Rows of Tube Feet -Filter Feed
California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus
Echinoidea -Sea Urchin and Sand Dollar -No Arms -Spine and Tube Feet -Herbivores
Hemichordata
Protostomes -Blastopore becomes the mouth -Spiral and determinate Cleavage
Lophotrochozoa -Trochophore Larvae and Lophophore
Brachiopoda -Like a snail w/ a shell -Lophophore inside shell used to filter feed
Rotifer -Pseudocoelemate -Wheel-Like Cilliated Corona used to move food towards mouth for feeding
Ectoprocta
Common Ancestor of Mollusca and Annelida
Annelida (Segmented Worms) -Trochophore Larvae
Errantia -Long Setae -Mobile Predators
Sedentaria -Reduced Setae -Sedentary
Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
Mollusca (Gastropods, cephalopods, bivalvia) -Soft Body sometimes with Shell Secreted from Mantle -Trochophore Larvae
Polyplacophora Chitons Strong foot attach to Rocks
Common Ancestor of Gastropoda and Cephalopoda
Cephalopoda -Squid, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Nautilus -Shell reduced -Cephalization -Head - Foot (tentacle) -Closed Circulatory System
Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)
Gastropoda -Snails and Slugs -Radula to feed -Filter Feeder -Gill for feeding and gas Exchange
Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)
Bivalvia -2 Valves hinged dorsally -Filter Feeder -No Head
Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) -Lophophore
Common Ancestor of Trematodes and Cestoda
Cestoda -Tapeworms -Parasitic
Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)
Trematodes -Parasites
Rhabditophorans -Free Living -Predators n Scavengers
Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
Pseudobiceros sp
Ecdysozoa -Ecdysis
Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Insects, Spiders) -80% of All Animals -Hinged Exoskeleton
Common Ancestor of Hexapoda and Crustacea
Crustacea -Cephalization -Gills
Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)
Hexapoda -Insects -6 Legs -Three Segments -Trachae and Air Sacs
Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
Chelicerata -8 Legs -Spiders, Scorpions, Mites, Ticks -Book Lungs -Two Segments
Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)
Nematoda (Round Worms)
Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Choanoflagellates (Desmarella moniliformis) -Heterotrophic -Characterized by collar -Flagellated
Holomycota
Common Ancestor of Nucleariids and Fonticula alba
Nucleariids -Filose pseudopodia -Mitochondria -Heterotrophic
Nuclearia thermophila
Fungi -Zygotic Life Cycle - Chitin Cell Wall -Multicellularity
Basidiomycota
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
Black Bread Mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
Amoebazoa (Lobe or Tube Shaped Pseudopodia)
Slime Molds
Euglenoids (spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella)
Common Ancestor of Chlorophytes, Charophytes, and Land Plants
Common Ancestor of Charophytes and Land Plants
Common Ancestor of Land Plants -Sporic Life Cycle -Presence of Embryo -Desiccation Resistant Spores -Apical Meristems -Gametangia -Sporangia
Common Ancestor
Common Ancestor of Seedless Vascular Plants -Lignin -Xylem and Phloem -Dominant Sporophyte Generation -Thick Waxy Cuticle -Stomata
Common Ancestor of Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms -Megaphylls
-Ovules -Pollen -Seeds -Heterospory -Wood
Gymnosperms
Scott's Pine (Pinus sylvertris)
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)
Angiosperms -Fruit -Endosperm -Ovaries -Flowers
White Water Lily (Nymphae alba)
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)
Monilophytes -megaphylls
Easter Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Lycophytes -microphylls
Fan Clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum)
Hornworts
Field Hornwort (Anthoceros agretis)
Mosses
Woolly Feather Moss (Tomentypnum nitens)
Liverworts
Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)
Charophytes
Braun's Stonewort (Chara Braunii)
Chlorophytes
Rhodophytes (Red Algae, Photosynthetic Pigment)
