unique skeletal structure similar to therapsids
unusually low metabolic rates
single bone in their lower jaw
do not have canine teeth
large pair of incisors
tendency to hold body upright
larger brain/body ratio than other mammals
stereoscopic vision
rotating shoulder joint
Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
Legend
Description
Domain
Kingdom
Phyla
Subphlya
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Order
Complex Organisms
Complexity Increases from Porifera to Chordata
Adaptations
Absorb nutrients
multicellular
Usually develop from a zygote(except sponges)
Diploid
Multicellular
Cell wall made of cellulose
Most are unicelleular
Photosynthesize
Survive on the planets most inhospitable areas
Can survive in very high temperature, salty or acidic environments
Oldest organisms on earth
Found in hydrothermal environments
Include mostly thermophiles and hyperthermophiles
Includes thermophiles which are organisms that thrive in high temperatures
Include halophiles which are organimss that thrive in extremely salty environments
Include methanogens which are anaerobic methane producing organisms
non-motile
Heterotrophic
contain no chlorophyll
Eukaryotic
Do not photosynthesize
spiral-shaped
rod-shaped
spherical or ovoid in shape
usually reproduce by binary fission
Peptidoglycan cell wall
no nucleus
Contains plasmids
Prokaryotes
rigid cell wall
no membrane bound organelles
no nucleus
survive in extreme conditions
single-celled prokaryotic organism
Reproduce by mitosis or meiosis
membrane-bound nucleus
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Morphology
Spiral
Spirillum volutans
Bacillus
Bacillus cereus
Coccus
Staphylococcus aureus
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Korachaeaota
Korarchaeum cryptofilum
Crenarchaeota
Pyrolobus fumarii
Euryarchaeota
Halobacterium salinarum
Eukarya
Fungi
Deuteromycota-Reproduce asexually in a process known as sporogenesis. They are known as imperfect fungi as their sexual stage of reproduction has not been oobserved
Aspergillus flavus
Ascomycota- reproduce asexually, reproduce by releasing haploid conidiophores and have sacs which contain spores
Amanita phalloides
Basidiomycota- reproduce sexually and asexually. It reproduces asexually using specialized structures callled condiophores and reproduces sexually in the fruiting body
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Zygomycota- reproduces asexually using spores called sporangiospores and sexual reproduction using zygospores
Rhizopus stolonifer
Protista
Animal-like
Sporozoans
Gliding movements
Eimeria tenella
Zooflagellates
Use flagella to move
Enteromonas hominis
Ciliates
Use cilia to move
Amphorides quadrilineata
Sarcodina
Use pseudopodia to move
Amoeba Proteus
Fungi-like
Oomycota
Phytophthora infestans
Myxomycota
Fuligo septica (plasmodial slime mold)
Apicomplexa
Plasmodium falciparum
Acrasiomycota
Dictyostelium purpureum(Cellular Slime mold)
Plant-like
Chrysophyta
Golden Algae
Rhodophyta
Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Chlorophyta
Ulva lactuca
Phaeophyta
Laminaria digitata
Plantae
Seedless Vascular- reproduce using haploid spores, do not produce flowers or seeds, have stems which provide structural support
Equisetum arvense
Anglosperns- produce flowers, produce seeeds enclosed in fruit, structure and adpated to gain the most sunlight exposure
Rafflesia arnoldii
Gymnosperms-vascular tissue, seeds are stored inside fruit (ripened ovary) not considered real fruit, roots used to gather nutrients
Cycas revoluta
Bryophyta- non-vascular, found in fresh water environments, have rhizoids
Dawsonia superba
Animalia
Chordata
Evolutionary Milestones
Notochord
pharyngeal slits
Hollow dorsal nerve chord
3 embryonic cell layers
Post-anal tail
Vertebrata
Agnathans
Gnathostomata
Have fur or hair which provides insulation and helps to keep us warm
endothermic
4 chambered heart
Have several functional internal systems which perform a variety of functions
Mammalia
Major Groupings
Nourishment is provided for the fetus directly from its mother so that it can stay in the womb for a longer period of time until it is fully developed.
Superior to marsupials as the fetus is healthier due to the nourishment it receives. Fetus is safer as it does not leave the womb till it is mature unlike the undeveloped fetus of marsupials which leaves the womb early and climbs to the pouch.
Placental
Primates
Homo Sapien
Give early birth to a fetus which climbs from the birth canal to the mother's pouch
It is superior as the zygote has more protection as the fetus partially develops in the mothers womb before leaving the mother's womb and eggs are easier for predators to eat as they don't move. The fetus is protected in the pouch
Marsupial
Diprotodontia
Macropus rufus
Only mammals which lay eggs
Reproduce sexually
Monotremes
Monotremata
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Have wings and feathers
Light skeletal structure
Most can fly
Endothermic
4 chambered heart-most efficient
Aves
Falco peregrinus
adapted features for quicker movement and strong defense
Air breathing animals
Live only on the land
scales
3 chambered
exothermic
Reptilia
Python reticulatus
Live on land and in water
have
young have 2 chambered hearts, adults have 3
breathe through gills lungs or skin
exothermic
Amphibia
Dendrobates tinctorius
bone tissues- stronger skeleton
air bladder that performs hydrostatic functions
exothermic
Osteichcythes
Mola mola
Jawed Fish
Nostrils allowed for sense of smell
skeleton primarily made of cartilage
Skeleton formed to protect the organs within the body
exothermic
Chrondichthyes
Carcharodon carcharias
Cephalochordata
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Turnicata
Pyrosoma atlanticum
Echinodermata
Evolutionary Milestones
Deuterstome
5 part Radial Symmetry
Internal Skeleton
Asterias amurensis
Arthropoda Evolutionary Milestones Hard exoskeleton made of chitin numerous jointed appendages and a
segmented body Developed gills or internal airways and various systems
Myriapoda-characterized by having one pair of antenna, myriads of legs and mandibles
Chilopoda
Scolopendra gigantea
Diplopoda
Archispirostreptus gigas
Pauropoda
Pauropus amicus
Symphlya
Scutigerella immaculata
Crustacea-characterized by having mandibles and compound eyes, biramous
appendages
Malacostraca
Homarus gammarus
Maxillopoda
Balanus nubilus
Branchiopoda
Artemia salina
Chelicerata-2 body segments 6 pairs of appendages: 4 pairs for walking and 2 mouth parts
Pycgnogonida
Pycnogonida indet
Merostromata
Limulus polyphemus
Arachnida
Latrodectus mactans
Hexapoda-Body divided into head, thorax, abdomen uniramous appendages; one pair of antennae, Three pairs of walking legs; most with wings, Two pairs of mouthparts: mandibles and maxillae, Most possess wings as adults Undergo Metamorphosis growing from larva to adult
Entognatha
Allacma fusca
Insecta
Megasoma elephas
Mollusca
Evolutionary Milestones
More advanced circulatory and digestive system
Developed feet for better movement
Coelom (complte body cavity)
Achatina achatina
Annelida
Increasesd size and movememt
Segmentation
More advanced digestive system and circulatory system
Alitta virens
Nematodata
Evolutionary Milestones
more advanced digestive system
Two openings allowed for greater efficiency
Developed pseudocoelom (partail cavity)
Trichuris trichiura
Platyhelminthes
Evolutionary Milestones
Bilateral Symmetry
Pseudobiceros gloriosus
Cnidaria
Evolutionary Milestones
Developed Nervous System
Developed defense mechanisms
Tissues
Radial Symmetry
Aequorea forskalea
Porifera
Evolutionary Milestones
Simplest organism
Developed flagellated cell walls and a stomach
Xestospongia testudinaria
