Chapter 3 - Biological Psychology LECTURE 3

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History (Of Brain Function)

fMRI

Looks at structures of the brain and the functions

Uses change in blood flow to generate images - best non-invasive technique for brain imaging

PET

Looks at brain structure and brain tissue, shows brain activity during specific tasks

Limitations: needs a radioactive tracer to be injected, there is a delay in reading (40 secs) and it does not shoe which specific area the activity is occuring

MRI

Looks at brain structure and brain tissue

Yields a more 3D image

CAT/CT Scans

Look at brain structure only

Used for quick assessment

335 BCE: Aristotle

387 BCE: Plato

460 BCE: Hippocrates

Middle of 19th Century: Started to really understand the importance of brain

2500 BCE: Trepanation

1700 BCE: Egyptian Mummification

Neo-Cortex

Left Hemisphere: controls academic, verbal and analytical functions

Right Hemisphere: controls creative, artistic and emotional functions

**CORPUS CALLOSUM: connects the left and right brain hemispheres

-receives visual information

-processes auditory info, language and auditory memories

-integrates touch and vision for spacial awareness and orientation

-motor planning, language, memory (complex brain functions and decision making)

Occipital Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Frontal Lobe

The structures and functions of the parts of the limbic system

-memory for spatial locations

-regulates fear and arousal

-endocrine oversees ANS (homeostasis) along with the pituitary glans

-conveys sensory information to the cortex

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

The structures and functions of the parts of the hind brain

-responsible for coordinating movement and balance (4 F's)

Cerebellum

-responsible for processing vision, hearing and eye movement

-acts as the bridge between the lower and upper ends, responsible for motor control and sensory analysis

-responsible for basic bodily functions such as heartbeat and respiration

Brain Stem

Pons (center end)

Mid Brain (upper end)

Medulla Oblongata (lower end)

Limbic System

Hind Brain

Glutamate: always carry excitory messages for learning and memory

Endorphins: pleasure sensation which controls pain

Peptide Neurotransmittor

Amine Neurotransmittor

Amino Acid Neurotransmittor

Synapses (lock and key): How two neurons communicate and connect with one another to release one or more neurotransmitters

Chapter 3 - Biological Psychology LECTURE 3

Brain Imaging Techniques

The Brain

Carebral Cortex

Neural Cells

Major Neurotransmitters

Adrenaline: involved in stress response

Aspartate: always carry excitory messages

Glycine: always carry inhibitory messages

GABA: most prevelant inhibitory neurotransmittor in CNS

Acetylcholine: used by efferent neurons for memory and learning

Nonephrine: used in ANS in almost every region of the brain (fight-or-flight)

Seratonin: regulates sleep, dreams, mood, pain, appetite, sexual behaviour

Dopamine: produces pleasure sensation

The structures that make up the neural calls

c) Axons and Axon Terminal -axons: portion of neuron that sends signals to other neurons (transmitters) -synaptic vesicle: sac containing neurotransmitters that travels the length of the axon towards the terminal

b) Dendrites -branch-like portion of neuron that receives signals -act as receptors for signals traveling from other neurons, carrying information toward the main body of the nerve cell

a) Cell Body (Soma) -the body of the nerve cell. -manufactures new cell components -contains nucleus