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Coloured matter takes in different colours selectively
White light is made up of different colours of light
The range of different colours of light passing through a prism is considered the visible spectrum
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy (from point to point) without transferring matter
Parts of a wave
Rest Position - when there are no waves being made
Trough
This is the lowest point in a wave
Crest
This is the highest point of a wave
Wave properties
Frequency-Wavelength relationship
As frequesncy increases, the waves are closer together & therefore smaller
Frequency
The rate of repetition, in a wave
Amplitude
Amplitude determines the energy carried
The wave height from the crest to rest position, wave depth from trough to rest position
Wavelength
Measured in metres (Greek letter lambda)
Distance from one point in a wave to another similar point (ie. trough to trough)
Paying carbon taxes (for emissions by companies)
trading GHG emissions limits between companies (legislated emission limit)
Buying carbon offsets
Sequestering carbon dioxide
Legislated eco-targets for parts of the world
Developed countries helping developing countriesby reducing GHG emissions
Leaving resources on Earth usable by future generations
Using resources from the Earth responsibly
Managing individual carbon footprints and thus, GHG emissions
Industrial fossil fuel consumption - reduction
Individual fossil fuel consumption - reduction
Individual electricity use reduction
The G8
Russia
U.S.
Japan
U.K.
Italy
Germany
France
Canada
Maximizing profits using developing country resources
Pollution & emissions starting from the industrial revolution
C.C. Adaptation
Adaptive capacities of certain countries
Resource imbalance among countries
Developing cities to counteract & adapt to C.C. effects
C.C. Mitigation
Making climate change effects less severe/milder
Changes in animal species behaviour
Animals that benefit from climate change
Species threatened by changes in weather/temperature
range shifts of animals (and plants)
Ocean Warming
Changes in ocean current flows
Melting Ice
Floods
Storms
Wildfires
Drought
Heat waves
Global Warming due to GHG emissions
Earth's biomes & Changing weather conditions
Biomes Of Canada
Melting freshwater glaciers into the oceans
Atmosphere Layers
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Atmospheric Gases and climate change
The Greenhouse Effect
Climate justice for remote populations
The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect
Combustion into the atmosphere from human activities
The Natural Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Gases
Methane (hydrocarbon)
Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon sinks
Carbon sources
Groups of similar cells that come together to perform a specific function
Tissues come together to form organs
Organ
A structure composed of different tissue, specialized to carry out a specific function.
Organ systems
Plants have 2 organ systems
The shoot/shute system
Processes of stem, leaves, flowers, bud, fruit, etc.
Pulls up water & nutrients with xylem, brings sugars down with phloem
Transpiration in plant leaves
As a water molecule leaves the leaf, it pulls up other water molecules along with it
Water evaporation from leaves of the plant
Above ground
The root system
The roots take up water & nutrients, send them up the stem
Below ground
Animals have 11 organ systems
The lymphatic system
Consists of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, white blood vessels, etc.
The reproductive system
MALES: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra, etc.
FEMALES: ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus, etc.
The excretory system
Consists of bladder, ureter, urethra, kidney, skin, etc.
The endocrine system
Consists of the glands - pitituary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, - pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males), etc.
The Nervous System
Consists of the Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord) & the Peripheral Nervous System (nerves in the body).
The circulatory system
Consists of heart, blood vessels (Arteries, veins, cappilaries), blood itself, etc.
The respiratory system
Cellular respiration
Consists of nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm, etc.
The digestive system
Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, intestines, rectum, etc.
The muscular system
Consists of all tendons & ligaments, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, etc.
The skeletal system
Consists of all bones & cartilage, etc.
The integumentary system
Consists of skin, hair, nails, glands, etc.
Tissues in plants
Vascular tissue
Phloem
Transports sugars (& energy) down the plant
Xylem
Transports nutrients and water up the plant
Ground tissue
ROOTS:
Stores food/water
STEM:
Provides strength/support
LEAVES:
The site of where photosynthesis occurs
Epidermal tissue
Protective outer covering, exchanges materials/gases through the plant
Meristematic tissue
Unspecialized tissue that divides with apoptosis, found in many locations & is responsible for growth
Tissues in animals
Nervous tissue
Responds to stimuli, transmits & stores info., among other things
Muscle tissue
Allows for movement
Connective tissue
Forms blood, protects & supports structure, stores fat, fills empty space
Epithelial tissue
Lines cavities & body outer surfaces, protects structures & forms glands
Happens during fetal state (?)
Cells that have a specific structure to perform a specific function
Unspecialized cells that have the potential to become specialized as they mature
Immunotherapy
The immune system treats the cancer like it would a harmful foreign body, and gets rid of it like that
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Malignant tumors
Cancerous - may result in death of the organism
Benign tumors
Not cancerous - not dangerous to the body
A split pinch occurs to turn the parent cell into two daughter cells
Animal cells - cleavage furrow Plant cells - cell plate
Parent cell organelles & DNA are duplicated,
Telophase
Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
Spindle fibers disappear
New nuclear membranes form around each DNA set
Anaphase
The strands move away from each other (begin to)
The spindle fibers split apart the chromosomes into strands
Metaphase
Chromosomes of the cell line up at cell equator (with spindle fibers)
Prophase
Centroiles move to poles of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosome centromeres
Nuclear membrane disapears
Chromatin coils, condenses into chromosomes
Cell carries out its basic function
Regular growth & development
Dont have structures covered in membranes
Few internal structures
Normally one-celled organisms
Contain organelles (surrounded in membranes)
Present in most living organisms
Chloroplast (PLANT)
Vacuole
Lysosome
Golgi bodies
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough & smooth)
Cytoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Cell wall (PLANT ONLY)
Cell membrane
Red cabbage juice
Universal indicator
Bromothymol blue
Phenolphthalein
pH paper
Blue litmus paper
Red litmus paper
Ammonium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Citric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Acetic acid
Sulfuric acid
Carbonic acid
Balancing skeletal equations
Diatomic molecules
Law of Conservation of Mass
Gases in chemical reactions
Reactions in a sealed system v/s reactions in an open system
Reactant mass = product mass
Gases in general, in our atmosphere
Even with gases* in sealed systems
In a chemical reaction, mass cannot be created or destroyed and must stay the same throughout the reaction
*Combustion
Incomplete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas - carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon soot + energy
Complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas - carbon dioxide + water + energy
Neutralization
Acid + base - water + salt
Single Displacement
Element + compound - compound + element
Double Displacement
Compound + compound - compound (different) + compound (different)
Decomposition
Compound - element (/compound) + element (/compound)
Synthesis
Element + element - compound (DASH MEANS ARROW)
