Obesity

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

A chronic metabolic disorder of excess caloric intake and insufficient caloric expenditure. This imbalance contributes and predisposes people to numerous health conditions.

when that level rises to 30%, they meet the criteria of obesity

Once individuals exceed their ideal weight by 20%, they are considered overweight

185 calories in 30 minutes

Obesity

COMPLICATIONS

High Blood Pressure

Respiratory Issues

Psychological Well-being

Arthritis

At Risk for Diabetes 2

At risk for Heart Disease

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

Eating disorders related to obesity

Bulimia nervosa

Night eating syndrome (NES)

Binge eating disorder (BED)

Self-esteem issues and depression

Can be very hurtful to someones well being

a big impact on mental health

Social stigma and discrimination

Social isolation

Negative attitudes

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

Shortness of breath

Increased sweating

Waist circumference

Females >35 inches

Males >40 inches

Apple or Pear shaped excess fat accumulation

Osteoarthritis

Caused by excessive weight on knees and hips.

Indigestion

Caused by GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

Lethary

GENETIC FACTORS

ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION WITH GENES

Stress and sleep affecting genetic pathways

Socioeconomic status and access to food

Diet and physical activity influence gene expression

REGULATION OF METABOLISM

Hormonal regulation (e.g., leptin, ghrelin)

Genes involved in appetite control

EPIGENETIC FACTORS

Impact of lifestyle on gene expression

Prenatal and early-life influences

Gene-environment interaction

GENETICS AND PREDISPOSITION

Inherited gene mutations

Family history of obesity

RISK FACTORS/CAUSES

Medications

Diabetes medications

Anti-seizures

Antidepressants

Steroids

Non-Smokers

Former smokers replacing the habit with food

Cigarettes act as an appetite stimulant

Eating Disorders

Night Eating Syndrome

Purging Disorders

Binge Eating

Bulimia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa

Socioeconomic Status

Poverty

Fewer healthy food choices

Gender

Men burn more calories at rest

Female have less muscle than men

Genes

Enlarged, easily stimulated capacity to store body fat

Diminished ability to use dietary fats as fuel

Drive to overeat

Disorders that cause obesity as a secondary effect

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Growth hormone deficiency

Pregnancy

Excess calorie ingestion

Lack of physical activity

Children ages 6-11

Elderly

PREVENTION/TREATMENT

Surgery

Bariatric Surgery

Intragastric Balloon Therapy

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Gastric Banding

Laparoscopic Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass

Liposuction

Fat reduction in a specific site.

Pharmacology

Phentermine

Rybelsus

Ozempic

Balanced diet

Basal Metabolic Rate

The minimum caloric requirement needed to sustain metabolic processes in a resting state.

ChooseMyPlate.gov

Provide information about healthy and balanced eating.

Activities that cause calorie expenditure

Dance

Cycling

Water aerobics

Walking

Hiking

DIAGNOSIS

Dyslipidemia

High triglycerides

High LDL

Low HDL

Skinfold fat measurement

>30% in females (Triceps, suprailiac, and thigh)

>25% in males (Chest, abdomen, and thigh)

Blood Tests

Blood presure

Glucose

Lipids

Thyroid function

Hormone imbalance

Excess fat accumulation

BMI ≥ 30

Height to weight ratio

wt. in pounds x 703 / ht. in inches / ht. in inches

Exceed ideal body weight by 30%