INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

OSWAL

door CATHERINE PATIÑO

on page 76 Of M.S.F.M, Frankl quotes Nietzsche who says, "he who has a why to live can bear with almost any how" What does this statement mean? Explain how frankl was able to develop initial shock through apathy and to the cultivation to an inner world.

door Michael Mascolo

Comparative and superlative adjectives

door Pável Vladimir Meza Arizmendi

Comparatives and Superlatives

door Saira Rodríguez Quintana

After certain verbs, determiners, adjectives and nouns

To describe purpose and result

USES

SIMPLE INFINITIVE VS PERFECT INFINITIVE

Sometimes there is no difference between using them

It was stupid of me to say anything on Twitter It was stupid of me to have said anything on Twitter

But sometimes there is a difference of meaning between using them

I´m very glad to work here (now) I´m very glad to have worked here (in the past)

SIMPLE GERUND VS PERFECT GERUND

There is usually no difference because the context usually makes it clear when the action happened

He denied stealing the money. ( = it is clear the money was stolen before denying it) He denied having stolen the money

But sometimes there is a difference in meaning between using them

He denied being married. ( = he denied that he was married now , at the time of denial) He denied having been married (= he denied that he had been married before, in the past)

COMPLEX FORMS

SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT

We use the perfect infinitive or the perfect gerund to emphasize that the action is completed in the past.

doing | She migted marrying to young. (any time) ACTIVE

being done | He decided being offered a bride (any time) PASSIVE

having done | He's accused of having robbed hundreds of people. (earlier action) ACTIVE

having been done | She did it after having been warned of ... (earlier action) PASSIVE

INFINITIVES FORMS

(to) do | I need to talk to John (present or future) ACTIVE

(to) be done | He wants to be sent home (present or future) PASSVE

(to) be doing | They seem to be having fun (in progress now) ACTIVE

(to) have done | I'm glad to have had the honour of meeting you (earlier action) ACTIVE

(to) have been done | She claims to have been sacked for... (earlier action) PASSIVE

(to) have been doing | They thought to have been hidding in mountains. (earlier past) ACTIVE

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

Nouns and pronouns used with infinitives or gerunds

Did you have a problem finding the place?

Julia had a talent for acting. (prep + gerund)

Difference in meaning

-I like speaking French because it´s a such a beautiful language ( I like the experience of speaking French and the way makes me feel when I speak the language). -I like to speak French when I´m in France (I prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France)

-I really regret getting that tattoo when I was eighteen (=feel sorrow about the past). -We regret to inform you of delays in today's service (=announce bad news).

Adjectives used with infinitives or gerunds

It was really nicce to talk to Mrs. Anderson. It was really nice talking to Mrs. Anderson.

TO INFINITIVE

Verbs that only take to infinitive form

Afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, want, ask, learn, explain

She decided to apply for the job.

Adjectives with infinitives only

Feelings/ emotions: happy, glad, delighted,suprise I´m glad to meet you.

Willingness/ unwillingness: eager, reluctant, anxious He is reluctant to help

Difficult, easy, interesting, expensive, impossible This article is impossible (for me) to understand.

Too + adjective + to infinitive This tea is too hot to drink.

Enough+ noun(s) + infinitive He has enough money to buy his own car.

Nouns and Pronouns used with infinitives only

My ambition is to be a doctor. (future actions) I made a decision to leave my job.

Nouns for people, places, indefinite pronouns + infinitive

I need somewhere to go on holidays.

I need somebody to help me.

I need a student to read my examples.

I decided not to go.

The most important thing is to learn.

To give is better than to receive.

ING FORMS

Certain expressions followed by ING form

-He had fun fishing. -They had difficulty finding a parking place. -She spent her time practicing the piano.

Verbs that only take the -ing form

admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, excuse, imagine, mind, miss, postpone, practice, report, save, stand, suggest, understand, mention, etc.