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transmembrane protein

2 Acetaldehyde

Lactate

Alcohol Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Aerobic Cell Respiration

Glycolysis

Phases

Energy Payoff

4 ATP

2 NADH

Energy Investment

2 ATP

Pyruvate

Glucose6P

Fructose6P

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Pyruvate Oxidation

Enters Mitochondria

Oxidizes

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

NADH

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Anaerobic Fermenation

Alternate Splicing

Spliceosome

Floating topic

Ligase

Okazaki Fragments

Lagging Strand

Leading Strand

Primase

SSB

Topoisomerase

Replication Bubble

Helicase

Replication Fork

ORI

Dispersive

Semiconservative

Conservative

Messleson and Stahl

DNA Replication

DNA

double-stranded

bases

phosphate group + sugar

mitosis

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

prophase

2 diploid daughter cells

chromosomes

genes

genetic mutations

silent

missense

frameshift

meiosis

4 haploid daughter cells

meiosis II

meiosis I

chromosomes separate

sister chromatids separate

cells

somatic

diploid

gametes

egg

sperm

haploid

Collagen

Albumin

Casein

Insulin

Amylase

Secretion

Other Destinations of Proteins

Peroxisomes

Nucleus

Golgi

Back to ER

Vesicle

Glycoprotein

Stop Codon

Release Factor

Peptidyl Transferase

Peptide Chain

Large Ribosomal Subunit

Initiation Factors

f-Met

Small Ribosomal Subunit

Met

GTP

Amino Acid

Codon chart

tRNA

Template Strand

Termination

Pre-mRNA

5' Cap

RNA Splicing/ DNA Processing

Exons

Introns

3' PolyA tail

Elongation

RNA Synthesis

Promoter

Transcription Factors

RNA Polymerase (RNAP)

Initiation

RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII)

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Translation

Transcription

Proteins

Flow of Genetic information

Concept Map 3

Phosphatase

cAMP

ATP

Adenylyl Cyclase

Ions

Cellular Response

Tyrosines

Phosphate Group

Kinase

Polypeptides

Enzyme

G Protein

Ion Channel Receptor

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

G Protein Linked Receptor

Protein

mRNA

Genes

Hormone receptor complex

Steroid Hormone

Intracellular Receptor

Membrane Receptor

Receptor

Signal Molecule

Paracrine Signaling

Long Distance Signaling

Local Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Plasmodesmata (Plant Cells)

Gap Junctions (Animal Cells)

Eukaryotic Cells

Signaling

Physical Contact

Cell Communication and Signaling

concept map 2

energy transfer

energy flow

energy pyramid

food chains

trophic levels

cellular processes

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

types of energy

eletrical energy

thermal energy

light energy

chemical energy

cell membranes

active transport

endocytosis

receptor-mediated

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

energy (ATP)

exocytosis

passive transport

facilitated diffusion

polar molecules/ions

pump

carrier

concentration gradient

osmosis

water tonicity

isotonic

normal

flaccid

hypertonic

shriveled

plasmolyzed

hypotonic

turgid

lysed

diffusion

small, non-polar molecules

Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Eukaryotic Cells

Endosymbiont Theory

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Membrane

Vacuole

(Both have)

Chloroplasts

secondary structure

beta pleated sheets

alpha helices

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

Animal Cells

ECM

Plant Cells

Cell Wall

Chemical Evolution Hypothesis

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Miller Urey Experiment

Origins and Initial Structure of Cells

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Structural Evolution of Cells

Biological Evolution

Replication of RNA

water properties

states

gas

liquid

solid

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

H20

properties

low density when frozen

water freezing @0 Celsius

water floats

universal solvent

polar molecules

high heat of vaporization

a lot of energy required to change from liquid to gas

high surface tension

hydrogen bonds

adhesion

capillary action

cohesion

high specific heat

a lot of energy is required to break hydrogen bonds between water

Biological Molecules

nucleic acids

DNA

nucleotides

nitrogenous bases

adenine

guanine

thymine

uracil

cytosine

deoxyribose

RNA

ribose

lipids

fatty acids

unsaturated

trans

cis

double bonds

saturated

single bonds

proteins

amino acids

primary structure

carbohydrates

polysaccharides

structure

cellulose

chitin

storage

starch

amylose

amylopectin

dextran

glycogen

monosaccharides

disaccharides

Chemical Bonds

Intramolecular

Covalent

Non-Metals

Ionic

Cations

Positively Charged Ions

Anions

Negatively Charged Ions

Non-Metals + Metal

Intermolecular

Dipole-Dipole

Hydrophillic

Nonpolar

Similar Electronegativities

Hydrophobic

Van der Vaal's

H-Bond

Polar

Differing Electronegativities