Psychological Disorders

References

For Each of the Photos the Hyperlink is attached to each photo

*OpenStax College (2017). Psychology. OpenStax College. Retrieved from: https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@9.30:6HoLG-TA@7/Introduction

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2015). Substance use disorders. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use

Fragnelli, V., Grangelli, G. (2015). Obituary John Forbes Nash. European Journal History of Economic Thought, 22, 923-926. Retrieved from: http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=2c82e4ef-119a-4fa2-9a94-feec5619814f%40sdc-v-sessmgr03

Bentall, R.P., Pavlickova, H., Turnbull, O. (2014). Cognitive vulnerability to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 386-401. Retrieved from: http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=718a917b-7285-40ad-b110-92c77cf428b9%40sdc-v-sessmgr04

Koenen, K. C., Stellman, J. M., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F. (2003). Risk factors for course of posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans: A 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 980–986. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654776/pdf/nihms-92925.pdf

Personality Disorders

Cluster C

Obsessive- Compulsive PD

devoted to work at expense of friends

preoccupied w/ details and is rigid and stubborn

need for perfectionism doesn't allow for individual to complete tasks

Dependent PD

lacks self-confidence and needs constant reassurance from others

feels helpless when alone

can't do things on their own

allow others to run their lives and is clingy and and fears separation

Avoidant PD

feels inadequate by society standards and won't try new activities if they may be embarrased

avoids relationships out of fear of criticism or negativity

individuals w/ Cluster C PD's appear nervous and fearful

Cluster B

Borderline PD

Biological Basis

many individuals report experiencing childhood abuse (physically/sexually/emotionally)

high genetic component

rates among relatives as high as 24.9%

traits of impulsivity and emotional instability have high heritability

can't handle idea of being alone and will go to extremes to prevent it

self-mutilation

suicidal gestures

individual who has instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and is extremely impulsive

Narcissistic PD

no empathy and often shows arrogant attitudes and takes advantage of others

inflated sense of self-importance and believe they deserve extra attention from others

Histrionic PD

behavior often provocative emotions shallow and shift often

overly dramatic, emotional, and theatrical and always wish to be the center or attention

Antisocial PD

common actions include

irritability or aggressiveness towards others

inability to act responsibly

lying and manipulating others

recklessness or illegal activities

no regard for other's thoughts or feelings

view those around them as "pawns to be used or abused for a specific purpose" (OpenStax College 2017)

lacking empathy

individuals are impulsive, over dramatic, emotional, and erratic

Cluster A

Schizotypal PD

perceives events unusually and often displays "inappropriate emotions"

shows eccentricities in thought, perception, and behavior and shows suspiciousness and paranoia

Schizoid PD

doesn't care about approval or criticism from others

not interested in forming relationships with others and shows emotional detachment and coldness

Paranoid PD

reads threatening meaning into events

doesn't want to be close to others and holds grudges easily

unjustifiable mistrust of others

personality style that is "odd or eccentric"

usually problematic for others and create many problems

individual displays personality style different from expectations of society, is pervasive/ inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress

Schizophrenia

Nash

responsible for the concept of Game Theory

"analysis of strategies for dealing with competitive situations where the outcome of a participant's choice of action depends critically on the actions of other participants"

John Forbes Nash was a "mathematical genius" who happened to have schizophrenia and went on to win a Nobel Prize in Economics and an Abel prize

people w/ psychological disorders can make big impacts in our world

psychotic disorder

disconnected from the world most live in

thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors impaired to where a person can't function normally

psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

Causes

Neurotransmitters

dopamine hypothesis

low level of dopamine in limbic system responsible for negative symptoms

overabundance of dopamine in limbic system responsible for posiitve symptoms

abundance of dopamine or to many dopamine receptors reason for onset of schizophrenia

Marijuana

risk factor for schizophrenia

those w/ schizophrenia more likely to use MJ (can't determine if it leads to schizophrenia or vice versa)

Pregnancy

mother's emotional stress during pregnancy

mother exposed to influenza during 1st trimester

Brain Autonomy

less frontal lobe activity when performing certain tasks

those with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles meaning they also have a loss of brain tissue

Genetics

studies suggest that development of schizophrenia aided by genetics and environmental factors

Symptoms

disorganized symptoms

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

catatonic behaviors

decreased reactivity to their environment

extremely active, exhibiting child-like behaviors repeated pointless movements, odd expressions

disorganized thinking

postive symptoms (something added)

delusions

somatic delusions

something extremely weird is happening to their body

grandiose delusions

they hold special power, unique knowledge, and are extremely important

paranoid delusions

false belief others or agencies plotting to harm them

hallucination

negative symptoms (decreases/absences in certain behaviors)

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure from what are considered pleasurable activities (hobbies, sexual activity, etc.)

asociality

social withdrawal

alogia

reduced speech

avolition

lack of motivation to engage in self-motivated and meaningful activity

no emotion in expressions

PTSD

Learning

possibly through classical conditioning

UR= fear and anxiety

UC= traumatic event

cognitive factors theory

negative appraisals and its aftermath

disturbances in memory of trauma

memories disorganized and poorly encoded

individual unable to remember context of the event

Risk Factors

lack of emotional support

study of Vietnam Veterans (Koenen, Stellman, Stellman, Sommer 2003)

See reference section.

over 50% of veterans with PTSD were smokers, while only 30% of veterans without PTSD were smokers

many veterans with PTSD also did not choose to seek mental health help

those that perceived to have less support when they came home were more likely to develop PTSD

support helps victims cope with complex feelings by giving a sense of love and appreciation

trauma experience, more life stress

*higher rates in people exposed to trauma due to their jobs (police, firefighters, EMT, soldiers)

symptoms include flashbacks where the person relives the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to event, detachment from others, jumpiness, and negative emotional states

person experiences extreme psychological trauma because of an extremely stressful or traumatic event

Anxiety Disorders

General Information

everyone feels anxiety at some point, but anxiety disorders characterized by persistent fear and anxiety and by disturbances in behavior

more common in women than in men

25-30% of the population meet the criteria for at least one type of disorder at some point in their life

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

diagnosis requires

needs three of the other symptoms

sleep difficulties

irritability

muscle tension

being easily fatigued

difficulty concentrating

restlessness

occurs more days than not for 6+ months

worry and apprehension isn't because of of other disorder

relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable worry and apprehension

Panic Disorder

panic attack is period of extreme fear that "develops abruptly and reaches a peak in 10 minutes

must experience multiple abrupt attacks to be diagnosed

attack itself is not a mental disorder

experiencing recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

cognitive theories prone to interpret bodily sensations badly

conditioning theory classical conditioning responses to subtle sensations one feels when they are anxious

neurobiological theory issue in the locus coeruleus which deals with anxiety and fear

Social Anxiety Disorder

Safety behaviors

sometimes actually "exacerbate" the disorder

mental acts that reduce anxiety and chanceof negative social outcome

extreme fear and avoidance of social situations where a person could be seen badly by other

risk factor of behavioral inhibition

can develop through conditioning

fear of acting in humiliating way or possibly being rejected

Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning

more likely to develop phobias of things that aren't a real danger, than things that are a legitimate danger

can be developed through 3 pathways

verbal transmission

modeling

classical conditioning

Specific Phobia

Agoraphobia

example could be public transportation, open spaces, stores, crowds, or being home alone

characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or get help if they have a panic attack

"fear of the marketplace"

common specific phobias

xenophobia= stangers

trypanophobia= injections

taphophobia= being buried alive

ophidiophobia= snakes

hematophobia= blood

cynophobia= dogs

claustrophobia= enclosed spaces

arachnophobia= spiders

aerophobia= flying

acrophobia= heights

person experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

typically it is disruptive to a person's life

people may realized their fear is irrational some people and may go to specific to avoid the stimulus

Substance Use Disorders (SAMHSA)

Opioid Use Disorder

common opioids

legal pain relievers

hydrocodone

oxycodone

heroin

opioids

cause nausea, euphoria, mental constipation, and drowsiness

reduce perception of pain

experiencing withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit

use of larger amounts over time

difficulty controlling use

strong desire for opioids

Hallucinogen Use Disorder

common hallucinogens

mushrooms

LSD

hallucinogens

distortions in time/ perception

produce detachment from one's environment

produce visual and auditory hallucinations

symptoms include

spending great amounts of time to obtain and use

use in risky situations (driving)

craving for hallucinogens

Stimulant Use Disorder

common stimulants

cocaine

amphetamines

methamphetamine

stimulants

elevate blood rate, heart rate, and respiration

increase alertness, attention, and energy

withdrawal symptoms after reducing use

using larger amounts overtime

failure to control use

craving for stimulants

Cannabis Use Disorder

effects of marijuana

loss of motor coordination

difficulty thinking/problem solving

distorted perception

some symptoms include

cravings and withdrawal symptoms

development of tolerance

difficulty functioning due to cannabis use

Alcohol Use Disorder

severity based on the # of criteria that are met

drinking levels

heavy drinking

5 or more drinks in same occasion 5 or more times in last 30 days

binge drinking

5 or more drinks in 1 day in the last 30 days

moderate drinking

1 drink/day (women) 2 drinks/day (men)

drinking leads to risky situations

drinking leads to withdrawal symptoms

must develop a tolerance

continued use of alcohol despite problems from drinking

must have problems controlling alcohol intake

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder

formerly called split personality disorder

patients suffer their entire lives

traumatic experiences can cause states of dissociation to serve as a coping mechanism

patients report history of trauma in childhood (study found 95% were sexually or physically abused)

highly controversial

rates sky rocketed in the 1980's

possibly popularization of the disorder

possibly better techniques to diagnose

some make fake symptoms to avoid jail for illegal activity

individual shows two or more separate personalities, well-defined and distinct from one another

some may report hearing voices

memory gaps from time other personality is in charge

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

derealization= feelings of detachment from the world or one's surroundings

world is artificial and unreal

feel in a fog or a dream

depersonalization= feelings of detachment from one's whole self/ parts of the self

"out of body" experience (extreme cases)

distorted sense of time

feel they lack control of movements and speech

believe thoughts aren't their own

Dissociative Amnesia

*validity is often questioned

possibly under diagnosed after study found out 82 individuals who enrolled for treatment 10% met criteria

no description of people showing dissociative amnesia pre 1800's

some experience dissociative fugue

some adopt new identity

confusion about identity

wander away from home

unable to recall important personal information usually following extremely stressful/traumatic experience

Definition

memory and identity disturbed

individual becomes split off from core self

Mood Disorders

*Biological Basis of Mood Disorders

Diathesis Stress Model for Major Depressive Disorder

alteration in the 5-HTTLPR gene

if someone carries one or two short versions of gene person more likely to experience major depressive symptoms than if they carried two long versions of the gene

those exposed to traumatic stress in childhood

maltreatment

parental separation

stressful life events can trigger depression

exit events

significant losses

those w/ depression show increased levels of activity in the amygdala and less activity in prefrontal lobe

those with mood disorders have imbalances in norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters

lithium for bipolar disorder blocks norepinephrine

medications for major depressive boosts serotonin and norepinephrine

regulators for appetite, sex drive sleep, arousal, and mood

relatives of someone with major depressive disorder 2x the risk of developing it, relatives of someone with bipolar disorder 9x the risk

Bipolar Disorder

affects of a parent's bipolar disorder on their children (Bentall, Pavlickova, Turnbull 2014)

overall heratibility rate 52%

novelty-seeking(engagement in new experiences) rates found lower in children with bipolar disorder than in children of parents without bipolar disorder

children either symptomatic or asymptomatic

symptomatic children found to show, "showed significantly lower self-esteem, increased sensitivity to punishment, ruminations and hypomanic cognitions"

*risk factors

1/2 onset before age 25

higher in men than women

to be diagnosed

manic episode at least once in life

flight of ideas (one topic to another), excessively talkative, irritable and hostile comments, grandiosity, show no need for sleep, showing recklessness

"distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally/ persistent increased activity/ energy for at least 1 week"

mood states between depression and mania

Major Depressive Disorder

greater risk among women

unemployment earning <$20,000 a year, living in urban areas, being separated/divorced/widowed

subtypes of depression

persistent depressive disorder

chronically sad and melancholy but not meeting all necessary to be diagnosed with major depression

depressed moods everyday for around 2 years| and have 2 of the other symptoms

peripartum onset

may harm themselves or child in extreme cases and many have a hard time being decent caregivers

feel anxious, panic attacks, guilty, agitated, and weepy

women experience symptoms during pregnancy or after the birth of a child

seasonal pattern

"winter blues"

person experiences symptoms during certain time of year

results

increased risk of heart disease

inability to work/education, lost wages, and possible hospitalization

miserable exsitence

depressed mood every day or nearly every day and loss in pleasure in normal activities

must experience 5 symptoms to receive diagnosis

suicidal ideation

attempting suicide

thinking/planning suicide

thoughts of death

difficulty concentrating/ indecisive

feeling worthless or guilty

fatigue

psychomotor agitation (fidgety) or psychomotor retardation (slowly)

difficulty sleeping or oversleeping

weight change/change in appetite

OCD/ Related Disorders

Hoarding Disorder

causes them to have excessive amount of items

can't part w/ possessions even if valueless or useless they are

diagnosis only if hoarding not caused by medical condition or a symptom of another disorder

think they may have future use or that they have sentimental attachment

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

can cause repetitive/ ritualistic behavior and mental acts (looking in mirror, hiding uncomfortable body parts, cosmetic surgery)

preoccupied w/ flaw in physical appearance that isn't there or isn't noticeable by other people

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

*Causes of OCD

orbitofrontal cortex

part of a series of regions called "OCD circuit" that influence emotional value of certain stimuli and what behavior and cognitive responses follow

area involved with decision making

moderate genetic component

if untreated OCD can lead to severe social and psychological problems

compulsions

not performed for pleasure or connected to the distress

repetitive/ritualistic acts that are used to try and minimize the distress of the obsessions

obsessions

knows they are irrational but has difficulty ignoring or suppressing them

unwanted thoughts that persistent unintentional, and distressing

group of overlapping disorders that involve unpleasant thoughts and behaviors

Perspectives of Disorders

Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychological Disorder

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict likelihood of a disorder

diathesis and stress are necessary in the development of a disorder

people with underlying predisposition for a disorder are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with events like trauma, (-) life events, childhood maltreatment

emphasizes on importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors

Biological Perspectives of Psychological Disorders

views psychological disorders linked to biological phenomena

brain abnormalities

chemical imbalences

genetic factors

many researchers search for specific genes and genetic mutations that contribute to mental disorders

little dispute that some disorders are largely due to genetic facots

Supernatural Perspectives of Psychological Disorders

for centuries psychological disorders were thought to be a force beyond scientific understanding

Salem witch trials

16th and 17th century nuns in convents reported foaming at the mouth, screaming and convulsed, sexually propositioned priests, and relations with devil or Christ

nowadays it would suggests serious mental health issues

they thought it was because they posssesed by devilish forces

Diagnosing and Classifying

The 3 D's

Disfunction

problems w/ doing daily actions

Distress

to themselves, or those around the patient

Deviance

doing something different from the societal norm

International Classification of Diseases

DSM contains more explicit disorder criteria and with more extensive and helpful explanatory text

ICD more used for clinical diagnoses and the DSM is more valued for research

also used to the examine the general health of populations and to monitor prevalence of diseases and other international issues

categories in the DSM and the ICD are similar as well as the criteria for specific disesases

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Comorbidity

co-occurrence of two disorders

includes many categories of disorders

risk factors

prevalence information

specific symptoms

overview of disorder