by KAREN GEORGACACOS 5 years ago
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The Te Whariki program is based around the Maori human development theory and ideology where the child learns to have a deep respect for the universe and believe that everything is interconnected. This program works with parents to promote learning and development of the child, as well as, to develop the child's communication, healthy mind, body, and spirit, and to secure a sense of belonging in today's society and be contributors to society. The child has an active role in developing their stories in relation to the curriculum, therefore the child's narratives are the focus of the curriculum. (Samuelsson, I. P., et. al., 2006).
In the Swedish Curriculum, the goals for the children involve their learning and development through activities that stimulate play, creativity and joyful learning that are of the children's interests. The child has the opportunity to explore and develop their own identity and develop their ability to listen, narrate, reflect and express their own views while developing their own vocabulary and communicative skills. "Every-Day-Life-Skills" include cooperative skills, responsibility, initiative, flexibility, reflectivity, active attitudes, communicative skills, problem-solving skills, critical stance, creativity, and an ability to learn. (Samuelsson, I. P., et. al., 2006)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgCzk-b4slc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7n2hCebmT4c
In the R/E program, the child is seen as 'competent, active, and critical'. The rights of the child are emphasized rather than the needs of the child. The child learns by making up questions, theories and meaning during interplay with its environment. The teacher's trust that the child will make meaning and reach an understanding of their surrounding world during interplay. Allowing children the freedom to explore, provides them with the ability to gain knowledge about whatever the child is working with or interested in, due to their independent thoughts being developed and finding a strong self-confidence within that interest.
Within the H/S program, the child creates their own knowledge within the frame of its biological maturity. The teacher is to support the child towards their own development and also allow for interplay between children to assist with knowledge development. Books, manuals, and training assist with the children's development and a daily routine of 'Plan-Do-Review' is essential. The children plan by stating their intention for the task at hand, and do by experimenting with their ideas, then review what they discovered by talking with their teacher and peers. (Samuelsson, I. P., et. al., 2006).
In the EXE program, the child is actively involved in different situations or tasks, to which the degree of involvement in a specific activity is seen as an indicator of learning. Once a child is totally concentrated on a task, they are at the peak of their learning. Teachers will set learning goals with the cooperation of the child, allowing him/her to be a co-constructor of their learning. (Samuelsson, I. P., et al., 2006).
Experimental Education is also known as Experiential Education according to the Government of Ontario's framework for Early Childhood Settings - http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/childcare/oelf/continuum/continuum.pdf
Curriculum is created using the following tools:
1.Scope to determine the important range of concepts,
2.Continuity to ensure ideas are dealt with more than once in school.
3.Sequence which requires the reoccurrence, repetition and depth.
4. Intergration - creates a relationship between concepts, skills and values
Refers to the real life problems and how to solve them. Focus and making change and being an outside the box thinker.
Centered around the needs and interests of the student. Students set out the goals they want to attain and help with the content creation of their learning.
In today's classroom, if you were to walk in most teachers would have their daily schedule on the board broken into subjects so that students know what they are studying at any given time. "Knowledge and content are well accepted as integral parts of curriculum. This design draws heavily on Plato's academic idea. Schools have a strong history of academic rationalism; also, the materials available for school use reflect content organization." (Ornstein. 2013)
Focus is on facts and retention. Learner becomes a test taker and is told what to learn. Closely related to Perennialism and Essentialism.
"Core curriculum refers to an experience curriculum, organized into a closely integrated and interrelated whole composed of a core division that seeks to develop common competencies needed by all students and a second division that recognizes differences in interests, aptitudes and capacities." (Sowell. 2005).
Focus on the needs of the student within a high school context. Preparing a students for work by using work experiences. "These programs allow students to learn about job possibility by shadowing existing workers, apply subject matter to real tasks in the work space, acquire skills necessary for successful careers and formulate career goals." (Sowell. 2005).
This is curriculum that is organized around the needs and goals of the students. "What makes these curricula unique is that students help select and organize the purposes for learning." (Sowell. 2005)
Klien wrote,"Although explicit objectives may be used, they do not play as major role in this design as when subject areas are used as a basis for decision making. There is usually a definite focus for the learning process for all students but definite outcomes are not prescribed in advance. (Sowell, E.J. 2005). Social Reconstructionism is a difficult sell as it puts forth the idea that society needs to change.
Quest to create a better to society through questioning the norms. Extensional thinking is instilled in the learner. "Our continued democracy of life will depend upon our own power of character and intelligence in using the resources at hand for a society which is not so much planned as planning --- a society in which the constructive use of experimental method is completely naturalized. In such a national life, society itself would be a function of education, and the actual educative effect of all institutions would be in harmony with the professed aims of the special educational institution." (Dewey and Childs, 1933, p. 65)
Reconstructionism's philosophical base is 'Pragmaticism'. The curriculum focus has an emphasis on social sciences. The focus of the curriculum is to examine the social, economic, and political problems of today's society and to look at current and future trends in regards to national and international issues. For example, the Climate Strike that happened in September, 2019. The role of the teacher is to be an agent of change and reform. They are to act as a project director and research leader to help students become aware of current problems. (Orenstein, A.C., 1991).
Teaching Students to be functioning members of Society
Progressivism is the theory that people learn by doing. It is hands on and student directed. It is relevant to the interests of the learner. " Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students." (Foundations of Education. 2001)
Progressivism's philosophical base is Pragmatism. The curriculum focus is based on students' interests. The curriculum implements current human problems and affairs and includes interdisciplinary subject matter. The role of the teacher is to guide students for problem solving and inquiry, rather than instructing students. (Orenstein, A.C., 1991).
Interests, Abilities, Values and Experience
Thinking patterns expand
Learning and goals of the student
Create changes in thinking
"Its goal is to assist students with recognizing oppressive authorities and systems, and with overcoming these conditions.' (Word Press - Essentialism. 2015, July 1). This theory is often seen used within the Social Studies curriculum or history. It's focus is to think outside the box and find solutions.
Essentialism's philosophical base includes both Idealism and Realism. The curriculum focus for this philosophy regards essential skills such as the three R's (reading, writing, and arithmetic), along with other subjects such as science and history. The role of the teacher is to be an expert within their subject field as well as, explicitly teaching traditional values. (Ornstein, A.C., 1991).
Educate Competency
Test taking
Character Development
Knowledge
Is the theory that focus on educating the whole person. Direct teaching may be used to drill facts. Memorization is evident in teaching. "The aim of Perennialism in Education is to develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant and to ensure that students acquire understanding about the great ideas of Western civilization." (Word Press - Perennialism. (2015, July 1).
Perennialism's philosophical base is 'Realism', where the curriculum focus is on classical subjects, literary analysis and the curriculum remains constant. The role of the teacher is to "help students think rationally" and to explicitly teach traditional values. (Ornstein. A.C et al., 1991).
Values
Shakespeare
