Learning: Lecture 6

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Learning: Lecture 6

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement

Schedule

Variable-Interval

A response is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed

Fixed-Interval

The first appropriate response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced

Variable-Ratio

A behaviour is reinforced after an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis

Fixed-Ratio

A behaviour is reinforced after a set number of responses

Partial Reinforcement: reinforcement that is occasional or intermittent

Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcement for every occurrence of the targeted behaviour

Reinforcement should be:

5) Motivating

4) Sufficient

3) Not overused

2) Contingent

1) Immediate and consistant

Negative Punishment

taking away something desirable in response to an observed behaviour

Positive Punishment

- adding an adverse stimuli in response to an observed behaviour

Negative Reinforcement

taking away something negative after a behaviour is observed

Positive Reinforcement

adding something positive after a behaviour is observed

Law of Effect

- Behaviours followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviours followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Social/Observational Learning Theory

Observational Learning

Requirements

Reinforcement: - if the model is reinforced than it enhances the effects of observational learning

Motor Reproduction: must have the skill and practice to be able to replicate

Retention: - the learner requires clarity and meaning from the model

Attention: the model must have the attention of the learner

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else’s behaviour

Classical Conditioning

Phobias and fetishes can be created or they can be over come with the use of classical conditioning

Stages

4) Discrimination

3) Generalization

2) Extinction

1) Acquisition

Conditioned Response

With continuous pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

Stimulus Response

Neutral Stimulus (NS)- a stimulus that does not bring about a desired response (before learning or conditioning)

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)-A stimulus that automatically produces a response without any prior learning

Pavlov’s dogs

Dogs are trained to salivate at the sound of a bell

connects automatic response to external stimuli