von Sajeevan Neethirajah Vor 3 Jahren
562
Mehr dazu
Conflict is present everywhere in the world around us. We experience conflict on a daily basis, and it can be minor or major.
Conflict in a story is a struggle between opposing forces. Characters must act to confront those forces and there is where conflict is born. If there is nothing to overcome, there is no story. Conflict in a story creates and drives the plot forward.
In this type of conflict, a character must take on society itself, and not a single person. The character stands at odds with societal norms and realizes the necessity to work against these norms. This is an external conflict.
Decision is made by group members themselves
Leader only decides after seeking advice, opinions from group members
Work best when
Time available
Need acceptance from others to work
Problem is unclear
Leader lacks sufficient expertise and information
Only leader decides and then communicated to the group
Works best when
Little or no time
Acceptance from others
Confident and capable
Leader has greater expertise
Group decision
Consultative decision
Authority decision
Out groups: low LMX
Little or no special attention, lack of communication
Less information causes more difficulty
Fewer rewards
In groups: high LMX
Other favourable treatments than others
Access to information
Getting rewards, increase in promotion
When Performance incentives are poor
Use suggestions
Ask for suggestions from toehrs
Consult with subordinates
Involve subordinates in decision making
When Task challenging is insufficient
Display confidence in meeting high standards
Emphasize continuous improvement
Expect high performance levels
Set unique goals
When Workers self-confidence is low
Show concern for employee's well-being
Be friendly and approachable
Treat group members as equals
When Job assignments are unclear
Clarify leader’s role
Maintain performance standards
Schedule work
Give directions
Communicate expectations
Give examples of man versus society conflict in the real world.
Works best in low readiness situations
high-task, low-relationship style
Works best in moderate to high readiness situations
high-task, high-relationship style
Works best in low to moderate readiness situations
Low-task, high-relationship style
Works best in high readiness situations
Low-task, low-relationship style
Give examples of man versus society conflict in a literary work.
What is LPC score?
"Least-preferred coworker" scale, developed by American scholar Fred Fiedler, identifies whether an individual's leadership style is either relationship-leaders or task-leaders
High LPC: relationship-motivated leaders
Low LPC: task-motivated leaders
This situation results from a protagonist working against what has been foretold for that person. While this conflict was more prevalent in stories where gods could control fate, such as in ancient Greek dramas, there are still examples of this type of conflict in more contemporary literature.
Earning and keeping the trust of others
Accepting leadership as a “responsibility” rather than a rank or class
Defining and establishing a sense of mission
Both help and require others to behave ethically in their work
Build and maintain an ethical organizational cultural
High ethical standards of behaviour
Future leadership success will depend on a person’s capacity to
Support
Positive relationships
Openness
Men tend to use transactional leadership.
Depends on self-motivated people who work well in a structured, directed environment
Someone who values order and structure
Women tend to use interactive leadership.
Provide a good fit with the demands of a diverse workforce and the new workplace.
Leaders who are strong communicators and act in a democratic and participative manner with followers.
Social skill
Empathy
Self-regulation
Self-awareness
Characteristics of transactional leadership:
Very left-brained
Thrive on following rules and doing things correctly
Favour structured policies and procedures
Opposed to change
Tend to be inflexible
Revel inefficiency
Characteristics of transformational leaders:
Integrity
Intellectual stimulation
Empowerment
Symbolism
Charisma
Vision
Since in real life we can't say that such examples of man versus supernatural, there are some superstitions that can influence a person's life.
Give examples of these superstitions.
Give examples of man versus fate conflict in a literary work.
A more contemporary type of conflict, this situation results from humans involved in a struggle with man-made machines. This is an external conflict.
Ethnocentrism
Inappropriate stereotypes
Not listening to others
The tendency to consider one’s culture superior to any and all others
Language
Non-verbal communication:
Body motions
Touching
Eye movements
Electronic Forms
Online discussion forums, chat rooms, electronic office hours, executive blogs, and video conference, etc.
MBVA (Management by Wandering Around)
Refers to a style of business management which involves managers wandering around, in an unstructured manner, through the workplace, at random, to check with employees, equipment, or on the status of ongoing work.
Managers spend time outside their offices to meet and talk with workers at all levels.
Don’t forget email privacy
Use instant messaging as an alternative
Put large files on websites
Get off distribution lists
Send group mail and reply to all only when necessary
Send short messages in the subject line
Purge folders of useless messages
Take action immediately
Read items once
Channel richness is the capacity of a communication channel to carry information in an effective manner.
High channel richness is personal, two-way, and slow
Low channel richness is impersonal, one-way, and fast
Managers need to choose a channel with the appropriate richness for the communication.
The range between people carries varying purposes in terms of intimacy, openness, and state in interpersonal communications.
Interpersonal space is an important nonverbal cue.
Constructive feedback guidelines:
Give it in small doses
Make sure it is valid
Give it when the receiver is willing or able to accept it
Make it specific
Give it directly
Feedback is the process of telling someone else how you feel about something that person did or said.
Rules for active listening:
Paraphrase and restate
Note all cues, verbal and nonverbal
Response to feelings
Listen for feelings
Listen for message content
The process of taking action to help someone say exactly what they really means.
Status effects include:
Employees acing as “yes men”
Filtering: the intentional distortion of information to make it appear favourable to the recipient
Occur when an organization’s hierarchy of authority creates a barrier to effective communication
Can be avoided or at least minimized through proper planning
Can interfere with the effectiveness of a communication attempt
Include interruptions from telephone calls, drop-in visitors, a lack of privacy, etc.
The growing use of communication technologies causes important nonverbal communication to be lost
Mixed messages occur when a person’s words and nonverbal signals communicate different things
Nonverbal communication takes place through gestures, facial expressions, body postures, eye contact, and use of interpersonal space
Be professional
Don’t bet on the internet
Check your technology
Add the right amount of polish
Accent the presentation
Support your points
Sequence points
Set the right tone
Be prepared
Spoken channels work for messages that
Attempt to create a supportive, even inspirational, climate
Are complex or difficult to convey where immediate feedback is needed
Written channels work for messages that
Convey formal policy or authoritative directives
Require extensive dissemination quickly
Are simple and easy to convey
A communication channel is the pathway or medium through which a message moves from sender to receiver.
As this conflict is more science fiction based, in real life we can't find such examples.
However, as technology became a big part of our lives there are some situations that man made machines affects our lives.
Find such examples.
Give examples of man versus machine conflict in a literary work.
In this type of conflict, a character is tormented by natural forces such as storms or animals. This is also an external conflict.
Democratic style:
where members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process, and helping people develop skills and competencies
Laissez-faire style:
where let their employees use their creativity, resources, and experience to help them meet their goals
Autocratic style:
where one person controls all the decisions and takes very little inputs from other group members
Give examples of man versus nature conflict in the real world.
Concern for the people doing the work
Shows trust in followers
Is sensitive to followers’ needs
Respects the feelings of followers
Develops social rapport with followers
Acts warm and supportive toward followers
Concern for the task to be accomplished
Monitors performance results
Urges task completion
Sets clear work standards
Assigns task responsibilities
Plans and defines work to be done
Give examples of man versus nature conflict in a literary work.
A situation in which two characters have opposing desires or interests. The typical scenario is a conflict between the protagonist and antagonist. This is an external conflict.
Give examples of man versus man conflict in the real world.
Personal power
Sources of personal power:
Relational power: the ability to work and function well as part of a team working toward a collective goal
Referent power: Capacity to influence other people because they admire you and want to identify positively with you
Expert power: is the perception that a certain person has an elevated level of knowledge or a specific skill set that others in an organization don't have
Meaning: unique personal qualities that a person brings
Position power
Sources of position power:
Legitimate power: Organizational position or status confers the right to control those in subordinate positions
Coercive power: Capable of delivering punishment or withhold positive outcomes
Reward power: Capable of offering something of value
the manager’s official status in the organization’s
ability to get someone to do something
Trust
Authority
Responsibility
Information
Instead of the people working to serve the leader, the leader exists to serve the people
Focuses on empowerment, not on power
Empowerment meaning: managers enable and help others to gain power and achieve influence.
Other-centered not self-centered
Followers more important than leader
Commitment to serving others
Give examples of man versus man conflict in a literary work.
