Subject
Determines number and person
Noun Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Finite and Non-finite clause
Anticipatory it+ extraposed clause
Empty it
Existential There+ postposed nominal phrase
Presented
Declarative Clauses (before vb)
Interrogative Clauses
Wh-questions ( Wh- = sb)
Pronominal Forms- sub function
Form of a possesser element (pron/name)
Element of which somehting is predicated
Predicate
Function Complimet
Are obligatory, except DO
Position is fixed
Can become subjects of passive constructions
Presence determined
Predicator
Divided
Cannot be reduced
Head cannot replace the phrase
without causing problems to the structure
Verb Phrase
Negation
Not attached to the lexical auxiliary
Except
Be and Have
On the first Auxiliary/Modal Verb
Structure
Auxiliary + Lexical verb
May contain more than 1 Auxiliary (3-5)
Exclusive features
Agreement
In person and/or number
Finite Verbs
Morphologically marked
Mood
Tense
Voice
Aspect
Lexical Verb
Last constituent in the structure
Can be reduced
Head can replace the phrase
without affecting the structure
Adverbial Phrase
There're adv that don't allow for modifiers
Same functions
Adjectival Phrase
Most behave as noun ones
Modifier
Post-modifiers - complex
Noun+Adj= idiomatic expression
When the head is a pronoun
When the adj is followed by a PP
When the adj head is followed by an infinite cl
When the adj=comparative degree or
preceded by as, mor, less, + cl of comparison
When the adj is followed by a finite or nonfinite cl
Order determined by semantic class
or the property described
Exceptions on omission
1. There's a set of adj that never allow for
pre or post-mod --> one word adj phrase
2. Another set of adj do need mod,
only require on post-mod
Similar Properties
Head
Noun Phrase
Modifier Function
Can be NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP
Classifying modifier: demotes the referent
Scripted modifier: describes the referent
Can be pre-mod with intensifying words
Can be omitted without affecting the structure
Can be carried out multiple times
In different positions
In a discontinuous way
Position
Pre-modifiers: before head
Post-modifiers: after head
Discontinuous modifiers
Determiner Function
Fixed word order
Pre-determiners
Central determiners
Post-determiners
Advantages
Noun = NP
Determinant = beginning of NP
Determiner - Modifier - Head
Optional (more obligatory than mod)
First element - Fixed Position
Exclusive NP
Head: noun or pronoun
Main element = Head
States category
Headed
Unheaded
Prepositional Phrase
Preposition governs the other constituents
Not visible
When followed by a pronoun
Distinction
Objective case
Subjective Case
Preosition Ø Head
2 Functions
2º Prepositional Complement Function
Can be detached from the prep
In clauses functioning
Post-modifiers: NP, AdjP
Prepositional Compliment
Adjectival Phrases
Noun Phrases
In Wh- clauses
Can be performed
Noun Phrase
Wh- clauses
-ing clauses
Prepositoinal Phrases
Adverbial Phrases
Obligatory
1º Preposition Function
Always by a preposition
Governs the function
Pron/Vb/Noun has to be
Direct Object
Final clauses
Non-finite clauses
Anticipatory IT+extraposed cl
PP of time and place
Immediatly after the verb
Subject of a passive construction
If phrase has 1 object - DO
If phrase has 2 object - ID - DO
Indirect Object
Realized
Nominal phrase
Wh- phrase
-ing clauses
PP
First of the 2 obj of a phrase
Can become the subj of a passive phrase
Can be replaced by to- phrase and for- phrase
Demoted Object
Only complement in the Pred of a
passive clause
Only in passive clauses with
ditransitive vbs
Realized by NP, PP (but only if vb
needs prep)
Subject Complement
Object Complement
Completes the Pred when the lexvb leads
to specify characteristics of the DO
Placed after DO
Number agreement with the obj compounds
Related to the Subj of the cl
Obligatory after Copular vbs
Cannot be intransitive with the same meaning
Number and gender agreement with the subj
and reflexive pronoun
Verb Complement
Predicator Compliment
Do not passivize or the do it wih a different meaning
4 types of vb: relational vb, vbs of measure, vbs of equal reciprocity and vbs with obligatory complements of direction
Prepositional Object
Take a preposition whose PC can becomme
the subj of a passive phrase.
PC-subj and the PObj-end of the phrase
Do not fullfil the criteria of the previous obj
CLAUSES:
with + Verbs
Coordination
2 clauses of the same status and function
Independent dubject
I the subjs are different
both must be written
Shared subject
You can eliminate 1 subject
of the 2 clauses
Subordination
One clause is constituent of other clause
Dependent Clauses
Carry out well defined functions
Presented: finite, non-finite vb and nonvb cl
Nominal Clauses
Function as subj, DO, IO, SubjC, ObjC
Located in Clausal subjects, gram and logical subjects and clausal objects
-Behave and carry out functions of NP
-Realized: Dependent declarative, dependet
interrogative and headless relative clauses
Subject of non-finite
nominal clauses
4 Structures: infinitive with to, without to,
gerunds and participle
Non-finite subordinate clauses
Adjectival Clause
Behave like AdjP:
-Noun complement clauses
-Adjectival commplement clauses
-Relative clauses
Relative Clauses
Can be restrictive (obligatory) and noun
restrictive (optional), presented by comas
Nominal modifiers in complex NP
Realized by finite and non-finite cl
Adverbial Clauses
Replace AdvP
Different semantic roles: time, place,...
Adverbial
Types
Disjuncts
- Separate from the clause
- Their message refers to the whole clause
- Always separeted by comas, before, in the middle or after the clause
- Represent a comment from the speaker
- Can appear as AdvP, PP, finite and non-finite ph
Conjuncts
- Tells how the speaker perceives the semantic connection between 2 cl
- Connectors of structures between Ph, Cl, paragraphes or tx
Adjuncts
- Flexibility regarding position (commonly end)
- Organized in terms of manner (closer to the vb), place and time(end)
- Can appears as adverbs (closed and open class), AdvP, NP and adjuncts (scpecial cases)
Optional
Will affect the meaning
Not necessarry for structure
Epress circunstances
CLAUSES: with 1 Verb
PHRASES
WORDS
Word Formation
New Words
Derivation:
Class 1 affixes: modify base
Class 2 affixes: no change - base
Cliping: reduction of a lexeme
Blending: 2 parts of 2 lexemes
Conversion: change of class with Ø
Compounding: lexeme + lexeme
Copulative Compounding
Synthetic Compounding
Root Compounding
Combination of open categories
Affixation: lexeme + morpheme
Prefixation: 1º morpheme
Suffixation: 2º morpheme
Word Classification
Morphemes = Functions
Derivational Morphemes
Follow - semantic rules
Semantic classifiers
Change the semantic class
Create/divide new words from
already existing ones
Inflectional/Grammaical Morphemes
Adj- superlatives or comparatives
Verb - TAM
Singular, Plural and Possesive forms
Depend on position
Form of means required by context
Lexemes = Content
Minor Lexical Classes
Article
Quantifier
Demonstrative
Possessive
Numeral
Pronoun
Auxiliary
Negation
Conjunction
Interjection
Major Lexical Classes
Adposition
Circumstances: location, time,
instrument and company
Adverb
Circumances: manner, frecuency, duration,...
Verb
Copulatives: link elements
Intransitive: no DO
Transitive: need DO
Ditransitive: need 2 DO
Adjective
Depend on the Property
Describes Properties
Nouns
Depends on the word they are describing
Morphology
