Pedigrees are these funky charts look
pretty cool
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Somatic Nuclear Cell TRansfer
1. Isolate the cells
2. check the viability of the cells
3. Expansion of cells in vitro
4. transfect gene
5. take viable cells
6. Targeted Gene replacement
genes are then screened and replaced
7. Remove leftover marker genes
8. check cell integrity
9. nucelear transfer into a somatic cell
10. reimplant
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Dihybrid
Split into four,
- i.e GgBb
turns into GB, Gb, gB, gb
GGBB
turns into GB, GB, GB, GB
If solving backwards, calculate the percentages, find the
genotypes, and insert into a sixteen square table. From there,
reverse the two *split into four thingies* and find the two genotypes
Then, make a sixteen square punnet square.
Blood Type Punnet Squares
IA, ii, IB, IAi, IBi
Lets talk about punnet squares
True Breeding Lines
lines where both species have the same homologous genotype
ggbb x ggbb
F1, the first fillial generation of offspring , the parent fcross
F2 generation -> the second fillial generation, the offspring two f1 plants
In animals, this would be between a brother and a sister (an inbreed)
Sex Punnet Squares
X^a, X^b, Y
The punnet squares will look a little different,
and dominant triats are much more common in men, as theyll look like this: X^a(gene)Y. They only have one chance.
gah damn was he ever an australian monk that
sort of invented genetics
too bad he faked a bunch of experiment shit
Lets talk about his laws.
Mendels laws of Inheritance
- from his experiments, he had two conclusions
one, the law of segregation.
For any trait, each parent's pairing of genes (alleles) split, and one gene passes from each parent to an offspring
2. The law of independant Assortment
this determines that different pairs of alleles are passed onto the offspring independently of eachother
Coles note version. There are two copies of each gene
and inheritance of genes at one location in a genome does not influence the inheritance of genes at another.location.
Co-Dominance means the blending of phenotypes.
i.e the white flower and the red flower make a pink flower
R, for white
R' for red. RR would be white, RR' would be pink, and R'R' would be red.
this is when two alleles are dominant.
Incomplete dominance. This is when both are dominant again, but the heterozygotes express the Alleles on a cell by cell basis.
Phenotype:
How a gene is expressed.
Genotype:
the actual gene of the thing,
S-Phase (dna replication, turns 2n-4n)
Prophase
chromosome combine into Tetrads
Metaphase
homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
Anaphase (chromosomes move to opposite ends)
in both Anaphase I and II,
there is more room for genetic variation.
Telophase
chromosomes gather at the poles.
Cytokenisis
Splits into two cells, not called daughter cells
because they are different
Then, Meosis II occurs, which is the exact same
the main difference is that there is no S-Phase, no dna replication
this is what causes the four haploid cells
Spermetogenisis
- Polar bodies do not occur
- Meiosis Occurs
- results in four viable sperm
Oogenisis:
development of eggs
- during this process one of the two cells from Meiosis I becomes dominant
- it takes a large share of the cytoplasm, mitochondria and organelles.
- his happens again during Meiosis II
- The result is one viable egg and 3 polar bodidies (unusuable)
GUESS WHAT? THIRD OPPORTUNITY FOR GENETIC
VARIATION BABYYYYYYYY, BECAUSE OF CHOICE OF SPERM, ONLY 1/4 OF THE FEMALE EGGS IS VIABLE MEANING ANOTHER RANDOM CHOICE
Very similar to Mitosis except for:
Genetic Crossover:
when genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes
There is another opportunity for genetic crossover:
in Anaphase I and II, it randomly chooses pairs of chromosomes to pull apart. this can create more genetic variation.
Synapse:
when homologous chromosmes are paired (one from mom, one from dad), each chromosome having the same genes/alleles
There are two different Meiosis's,
Meiosis I and Meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells,
This is because Meiosis I and Meiosis II occur,
(note that genetic crossover only happens during Meiosis I)
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