Ribosomes are cellular structures composed of two subunits that can be found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a vital role in protein synthesis, using templates and instructions provided by RNA.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
Miosis
Diffusion is the process by which solutes are moved along a concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane. If the molecules are small enough, this simple diffusion can happen across cell membranes, between the individual phospholipids that make up the membrane.
Diffusion
What is it?: It is the gelatin-like fluid inside of the cell's membrane aka protoplasm
Analogy: River
Function: Nutrients are absorbed, transported and processed in the cytoplasm. It also gives the cell it's structure
It is the site of many chemical reactions
Location: channels in Cell Walls
Function: Allow communication and transport of materials between adjacent cells
Analogy: Window between houses
Composed of two subunits, they can be found floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum. Using the templates and instructions provided by two different types of RNA, ribosomes synthesize a variety of proteins that are essential to the survival of the cell.
Analogy: The protein factory
If the proteins from the rough ER require further modification, they are transported to the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi complex). Like the ER, the Golgi apparatus is composed of folded membranes. It searches the protein’s amino acid sequences for specialized “codes” and modifies them accordingly. These processed proteins are then stored in the Golgi or packed in vesicles to be shipped elsewhere in the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous organelle that shares part of its membrane with that of the nucleus. Some portions of the ER, known as the rough ER, are studded with ribosomes and are involved with protein manufacture. The rest of the organelle is referred to as the smooth ER and serves to produce vital lipids (fats).
Location: Large fluid filled sac in the vacuole
-Membrane bound
-Much larger in plant cells
Function: Stores water, food waste, starch, etc.
-In plants involved in turgor pressure to make cell firm "warehouse"
Function for Nucleus: A large organelle that stores the cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus controls all of the cell’s activities, such as growth and metabolism, using the DNA’s genetic information.
Function for Nucleolus: Within the nucleus is a smaller structure called the nucleolus, which houses the RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA helps convey the DNA’s orders to the rest of the cell and serves as a template for protein synthesis.
Analogy: The command center
-Bean shaped
-has it's own DNA and membrane
Function: Breaks down glucose to release energy (Apt, water and carbon dioxide) via cellular respiration
-ATP is then used by the cell to carry out the other activities
Analogy: Power house
Location: Internal framework of the cell
It is made up of microfilament microtubules
Analogy: Skeleton
Function: Helps the cell keep it's shape
Function: Used for absorption of light
-Only in plant cells
-has it's own DNA and double membrane
-Captures sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen (via photosynthesis)
Analogy: Solar panels
Location: Surrounds the cell
Function: Protects the cell and gives the cell shape
Analogy: Castle Wall
Found in: Only found in plant cells
They are parts that are found in cell
It' s telophase, in telophase the spindle disappears and a nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes. The separated chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell. The nucleolus reappears
Cytokinesis is the last step. During this phase the cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells emerge
Anaphase starts with the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from one another. The chromosomes move towards the opposite ends of the cell
Organelles in Plant and Animal cells
S Phase
Is Metaphase, during meta phase the chromosomes line up in the middle (Metaphase plate)
G2 Phase
Normal G1 cell functions occur as well as cell growth
Is Prophase, during prophase, the mitotic spindle starts to form , it is composed of centrosomes and microtubules. The nucleolus is gone and the chromosomes become condense and they appear as a sister chromatid
The G2 phase the cell continues to prepare for Mitosis and cell division
The S (Synthesis) phase DNA replicates, making exact copies of each chromosome
G1 Phase
A Process
In multicellular organisms, cell division allows individuals to grow and change by expanding the number of total cells
Cells, including single-celled organisms, use cell division to reproduce. Each time a parent cell divides, it results in 2 new organisms
Organisms have the ability to repair damage caused by the environment or by living processes. All organisms reproduce to increase their population number
Mitosis
Reproduce/Repair
Interphase (It is broken down to 3 parts)
Life must be able to respond to stimuli or stress from their environment
Irritability
Living things either have the ability to move, or spread their reproductive cells
Organisms have the ability to adapt to different environments or changes to their environment
Living things are able to use their environment to obtain nutrients essential for life
Living things grow larger and grow in numbers (includes some reproduction)
Metabolism
Adapt
Move (Motility)
Grow
Characteristics
Centriole
Enzymes and chemicals that help digest materials brought into the cell. They also break down old or nonfunctioning organelles.
Lysome
A role in organizing the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Convert the radient energy of the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Outermost leyer that surrounds the cell membrane. It plays a role in protecting and supporting the cell. It is made up of layers that can be flexible and elastic or rigid or woody.
Organelles that carry out many functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis (chloroplasts), pigment synthesis and storage (chromoplasts), and food storage (Leucoplasts). Like mitochondria, all plastids contain their own DNA
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Plastid
Orgenelles only in animal cells
Organelles only in plant cells
Plant cell
Animal Cell
Cell Types
To stay alive, all cells must do the same things: consume energy, store materials, take materials from the environment, eliminate wase, transfer chemicals to where they are required and reproduce. Within a cell, each organelle has a distinct purpose
A Eukaryotic cell also has specialised parts, called organelles, that carry out specific functions necessary to life
Your body is made up of many specialised organs that carry out all the processes needed to live
Cell Structure
Cell is the basic unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
All living things are made up of 1 or more cells
Cell theory
Cells
Tissues are a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
Columns of cells that line the organs
Skin Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Flat sheets of cells that protect the body
2 Types of Epithelia
Lines up the surface of the body
Epithelial Tissue
Cells line up in the same direction look straited
Located in the heart
Found in blood vessels and walls of the internal organs. Contract slowly
Smooth Muscle
Movement
Skeletal Muscle
Bundles of cells that produce movement
3 Types of muscle tissues
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Tissue
Made of Cells called neurons. Neurons recieve and send signals
Help coordinate body actions
Detect information from the environment
Nervous Tissue
Organs are a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialised to perform a particular function. Your heart, kidneys, and lungs are examples of organs.
Floating topic
Attacks dangerous bacteria and viruses
Transportation of nutrients and oxygen
Red and White blood cells and platelets
Needed for movement and support
Insulation and pads in organs. Stores energy
Fat (ADIPOSE)
Bone
3 Types of connective Tissues
Strengths, supports, protects and connects cells and tissues
Connective Tissue
Types of Tissues
Tissues
When blood pressure is much lower than normal. This means the heart, brain and other parts of the body do not get enough blood
Low blood Pressure
High blood pressure is a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being over worked
High Blood Pressure
WBCs, RBCs, Platelets and Plasma
Thin-Walled, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Thin- Walled vessels that carry blood back to the heart; have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Thin-Walled vessels that link arteries and veins in tissues. They allow for exchange of gasses and materials with tissues
Chemical Digestion: Where food is broken down by chemicals like hydrochloric acid and enzymes
Mechanical Digestion: Where food is broken down by chewing, tearing, grinding of teeth and peristalsis of stomach (squeezing of muscles)
Opening up a clogged blood vessel. The procedure involves inserting a small balloon into the blood vessel and inflating it
Angioplasty
When a blood clot breaks free and blocks a blood vessel in the brain
When a blood clot breaks free and blocks a blood vessel (artery) in the heart
Stroke
Heart Attack
Circulatory Disease
Blood
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body
The tricuspid valve is one of the two main valves on the right side of your heart
The atrioventricular valves are those that connect the atrium to the ventricles and include the mitral valve as well as the tricuspid valve
The two atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins.The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
It is the valve between the heart and the body. The aortic valve opens when the left ventricle squeezes to pump out blood, and closes in between heart beats to keep blood from going backward into the heart
The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis
The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest
The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver
The liver is essential for digesting food and ridding your body of toxic substances
It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It's about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes.
The stomach is a muscular organ that digests food
The anus is the opening at the lower end of the intestines.
The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus
The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other
A long tube-like organ that connects the stomach and the large intestine
The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull
Teeth are hard, resistant structures occurring on the jaws and in or around the mouth
Salivary glands make saliva
The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.
Either of two external openings of the nasal cavity in vertebrates that admit air to the lungs
The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It lies behind the trachea (windpipe) and in front of the spine.
The Bronchioles is a tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the Alveoli and into the bloodstream
The pharynx serves both Respiratory and Digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food and water from the oral cavity
The Nasal Cavity filters and warms the air that goes through your nose
One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body
Capillaries are small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products to pass to and from the tissue cells
The Alveoli is where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out
The Bronchus carries air into your lungs, then into your Alveoli
The Trachea carries air in and out of your lungs
The Larynx protects the lower airways, facilitates respiration
The Epiglottis prevents food and drinks from entering your wind pipe
The organs that are used in the Circulatory system/the organs that provide something in the system are
-Superior vena cava
-Inferior vena cava
-Aorta
-Pulmonary artery
-Pulmonary veins
-Right pulmonic valve
-Aortic valve
-Right atrium
-Left atrium
-Mitral valve (AV valve)
-Tricuspid valve
-Right ventricle
-Left ventricle
-Septum
The 4 Main Chambers are:
-The left ventricle
-The right Atrium
-The right ventricle
-The left atrium
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each organ has a specialised role
The organs that are used in the respiratory system/the organs that provide something in the system are...
-Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx
-Epiglottis
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchus
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
-Capillaries
-Diaphragm
-Nostrils
-Bronchi
-Alveolus
-Blood Vessels
-Lungs
-Esophagus
The organs that are used in the digestive system/the organs that provide something in the system are
-Salivary glands
-Teeth
-Pharynx
-Epiglottis
-Esophagus
-Mouth
-Small intestine
-Large intestine
-Rectum
-Anus
-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gal bladder
-Duodenum
The Respiratory System has consists of many specific parts working together. These parts are known as ORGANS and each system has it's own bunch of organs within it's system
The Digestive System consists of a variety of parts working together in unison to perform the task of digesting. These parts are known as ORGANS and each system has it's own bunch of organs within it's system.
The Respiratory System consists of a variety of parts working together in unison to perform the task of breathing. These parts are known as ORGANS and each system has it's own bunch of organs within it's system.
Also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body
Consisted of organs that work together to take in food and liquids and break them down into substances that the body can use for energy, growth, and tissue repair. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements.
The set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
