English Modal Verbs

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English Modal Verbs

Lack of neccesity

Needn't Don't need

Don't have to when smth is not necessary to do, when there's no need in it You don't have to buy wine, we have some You don't have to buy flowers for the first day

(-) S + don't/doesn't have to + V

Obligation Necessity

Need

Have to reflects obligation that comes from outside, beyond our control (rule/law/circumstances) You have to finish this work by 5 p.m., because the clients will be waiting for it. + to replace must in the past – Why didn't you come to the meeting yesterday? – I had to help my mom.

(+) S + have(has)(had)(will have) to + V (-) S + don't/doesn't have to + V (?) Q.w. + do / does + S + have to + V

Must reflects obligation that comes from a speaker / writer You must work hard to have a promotion

(+) S + must + V (-) S + must + not + V (?) Q.w. + must + V ?

Should Recommendation, less strict than must You should improve your indications not to be fired

(+) S + should + V (-) S + should + not + V (?) Q.w. + should + V ?

Prohibition

Can't --> Cannot reflects obligation that comes from outside, beyond our control (rule/law/circumstances) = smth is prohibited People cannot drive drunk, it's against the law You cannot drive here, it's a private sector

Must not --> Mustn't when we recommend against doing sth, but stricter than shouldn't You mustn't drive drunk, let me give you a lift home

Should not --> Shouldn't when we recommend against doing sth You shouldn't go out too late without a company, it might be dangerous

Deduction

May, might, could = 30-50% sure

Should = 70-80% sure

Must = 100% sure + Can't = 100% sure - He's been smoking for 30 years, he must have lungs problems He's been smoking for 30 years, he can't have healthy lungs