Biology

Biomolecules

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Monomer

Neucleiotides

Nitrogen Base

DNA

4 Types

(A) Adenine

(T) Thymine

(G) Guanine

Sequence Determines Proteins

RNA

4 Types

No (T), RNA has (U) Uracil

(A) Adenine

(U) Uracil

(G) Guanine

Phosphate Group

Form phospholipids

Connected to Carbon Molecule

Negative Charge

Pentose Sugar

DNA

Deoxyribose

hydrogen on second Carbon

RNA

Ribose

Second Carbon hydroxyl group

Blueprint to Cellular Life

Purpose

carry genetic information

makes RNA and proteins for all cellular activities

Elements

CHONP
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Polymers made of Nucleotide Monomers

DNA

Double Helix

Hydrogen Bonding

Own replication

Gene Expression

directs synthesis of mRNA

RNA

Single Stranded

Aid in Protein Synthesis

Cells

Carbohydrates

Made up of

simple sugars

Are

monomers

Form

polysaccharides

Disaccharides

Types

Storage

Structure

Glycogen

cellulose

Starch

Amylopectin

Amylose

Used for plant cell walls

In plants

In muscles

Uses

Beta glucose monomers

uses

Alpha glucose monomers

Formed by

Glycosidic linkage

make

By dehydration reactions

Branched

unbranched

prokaryotic cells

nucleiod

plasmid

made of

plasma membrane

Phospholipids and proteins

DNA separate from chromosome

The chromosome

outside

Cell wall

made of peptidoglycan

used for

protection and maintains shape

surrounded by

sticky layer made of

called

capsules and slime layer

used for

sticking to other bacteria, avoid dehydration, protect from immune cells

O2 metabolism

Facultative anaerobes

obligate aerobes

Obligate anaerobes

requires O2 for cell respiration

Use fermentation, O2 poison

use O2 when available, if not they do fermentation

Archaea (Extremophiles)

Halophiles: live in highly saline environments

Thermophiles: live in very hot environments

Methanogens: live in swamps/marshes Produces: Methane

Fatty acids

Glycerol

Their monomers

makes

Used

To make polymers of phospoplipids

To make cholesterol

Triglycerides

helps in making

Saturated fats, no double bonds, are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats, have at least one double bond, are liquid at room temperature

Derivative of all steroids

Held by Ester linkages

Eukaryotic cells

Purpose

Long term energy storage

purpose

forms a bilayer in water

Isomers

Cis, hydrogens both on one side

Trans, hydrogens alternating on each side

Bond and interaction

Monomers

Amino Acids

Amino Group

Main Chain

Carbon

Hydrogen

R Group

Carboxyl Group

Responsible for forming
the peptide bond

Peptide Bond

Formed through dehydration
reactions

Rehydration

Dehydration

Polymers

Polypeptide

Primary Structure

Carboxyl End
(C-Terminus)

Amino Acid End
(N-Terminus)

Secondary Structure

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Tertiary Structure

Polypeptide folds through R-group interactions

Charged Amino Acids

Ionic bonding
Acidic (-) Basic (+)

Polar Amino Acids

Hydrogen Bonding

Non-Polar Amino Acids

Hydrophobic/Van der Waals

Quaternary Structure

2 Polypeptide chains form a functional protein

Maintained by interchain interactions

Covalent Peptide Bond

Cannot break with heat

Hydrogen Bond

Disulfide Bond

Cysteine is the only amino acid that has an -SH group @ the end of R-group

R-groups interact via oxidation reaction,
which forms a covalent bond

Hydrophobic non-polar tail

Hydrophilic polar head

Chemical Evolution

Simple molecules containing
C, H, O, N went through complex
chemical reactions to form organic compounds

Volcanoes

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

1.
Volcanoes erupt under the sea,
gases are released in bubbles

2.
The gases concentrated inside the bubbles,
react to produce simple organic molecules

3.
When the bubbles rose to the surface,
they popped, releasing gases into the air

4.
As a result of different energy sources,
the simple organic molecules released from
the bubbles reacted to form more complex
organic molecules

Sequence of Events

Abiotic synthesis of amino
acids and nitrogenous bases

Joined to form proteins
and nucleic acids

Packaging of these molecules into protocells

The origin of self replicating molecules
that made inheritance possible

RNA was 1st molecule that
jumpstarted biological evolution

Triggered by energy source

Carries information and
has an enzyme function

+ Broke down easily
+ Unstable

Flagellum

Help cells move and may be scattered
over the surface or localized

Contains a hook and basal body which rotates 360

mitochondria

lysosomes

Transfer DNA & Information from
one cell to another

Golgi apparatus

Ribosomes

Smooth ER

Rought ER

Nucleus

Membrane bound organelles

Centrosome

Structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells

functions as a microtubule- organizing center

Important during cell division

Centrioles

Composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets in a 9 plus 0 pattern

A centrosome has two pair

Cell Junctions

Plant

Plasmodesmata

Open channel through cell wall connected to cytoplasm of adjacent plant cell

Allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between cells

Animal

Intercellular junction

Tight junctions

Prevents leakage of material through the space between cells

Gap junctions

consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells

Desmosomes

functions as a rivet, fastening cells together

Cilia

short, many

Provide motility and movement of materials around a cell

Flagella

Long, few

Provide Motility

Cytoskeleton

Rod Like Structure, Maintain Cell Shape

Microtubules

Movement of Chromosomes and organelles

Cell Movement

Microfilaments

Muscle Contraction

Cytoplasmic Streaming (Plant)

Cell Motility and Division (Animal)

Intermediate Filaments

Space for Nucleus and other Organelles

Formation of Nuclear Lamina

Fimbriae & Pili

Pili

Fimbriae

Attachment to other cells

+ Shorter than pili
+ More numerous

Vacuoles

Endospores

Bacteria form endospores when
environmental conditions are unfavorable. The original cell produces a copy of itself and is able to survive extreme conditions!

Bacteria

Nutritonal Modes

Autotroph

Photoautotroph

Energy Source - light

Carbon Source - CO2, HCO3-

Types - Photosynthetic prokaryotes

Chemoautotroph

Energy Source - Inorganic chemicals

Carbon Source - CO2, HCO3-

Type - Unique to prokaryotes

Heterotroph

Photoheterotroph

Energy Source - Light

Carbon Source - Organic compounds

Types - Aquatic/Salt-loving
prokaryotes