Biological Organization
molecules
Polar
Covalent bonds ( polar if the electronegativities are very different)
Hydrogen Bonds ( when H forms a bon with N, O, or F)
Nonpolar
Covalent(if electronegativities are similar)
Biological molecules
Lipids
phospholipid
lipid made of 2 fatty acids, one glycerol, and a hydrophillic head
triglyceride
lipid made of 2 fatty acids and a glycerol
Carbohydrates
Sugars
polysaccharide
sugar made of many monomers
dissacharide
sugar made of 2 monomers
monosaccharide
suga made of one monomer
starch
proteins
polymers made from monomers
nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Organelles
cytoplasm
everything inside the membrane
Mitochondria
power plant of cell
makes energy by forming ATP
energy made by cell respiration
Glycolysis to form pyruvate
NADH and FADH enter electron transport chain. They're oxidized to form ATP.
ER
Ribosomes
choloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Centioles
lysosomes
nucleus
peroxisomes
vacuoles
cell wall
Cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of cell.
active transport
G-protein
facilitated diffusion
small nonpolar ions down a gradient
osmosis
movement of water
simple diffusion
Cells
Eukaryotic
protein synthesis occurs on 60s and 40s subunits
Prokaryotic
don't have organelles
protein synthesis occurs on 50S and 30 S subunits
cell wall
flagella-for movement
pili and fimbrae- help attach to other cells
nucleiod- where DNA is found
capsule-protection
Tissues
Organs and Organ Systems
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
RNA uses that information to make proteins
Based on endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts should have DNA, ribosomes, and proteins.
Information from DNA is transmitted to RNA
Cells belonging to different organs all have the same genes, but, depending on the function of the organ, only some are expressed.
In multicellular organisms, cells need to take on a specific role
Genes are expensive to express for a unicellular organism
in prokaryotes, operators control whether a gene is on or off