Creswell's framework for research design

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Creswell's framework for research design

Strategies of inquiry

Mixed methods strategies (e.g., sequential)

Transformative mixed methods

The researcher uses a theoretical lens as an overarching perspective within a design that contains both quantitative and qualitative data.

Concurrent mixed methods

The researcher converges/merges quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem.

Sequential mixed methods

The researcher seeks to elaborate/expand on the findings of one method with another method.

Quantitative research strategies (e.g., experiments)

Secondary quantitative research methods

Commercial information sources

Educational institutions

Public libraries

Government and non-government sources

Data available on the internet

Primary quantitative research methods

Data analysis techniques

Cross-tabulation (preliminary statistical market analysis method which establishes relationships, patterns, and trends within the various parameters of the research study)

Conjoint analysis (market analysis method)

Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis (a type of statistical analysis technique used by organizations)

Data collection methodologies

Using surveys and polls

Sampling methods

Non-probability sampling

Judgmental sampling

Snowball sampling

Quota sampling

Consecutive sampling

Convenience sampling

Probability sampling

Systematic sampling

Cluster sampling

Stratified random sampling

Simple random sampling

Techniques and types of studies

Experimental research

Causal-comparative research

Correlational research

Survey research

Longitudinal surveys

Cross-sectional surveys

Qualitative research strategies (e.g., ethnography)

Narrative research

Phenomenological research

Grounded theory

Philosophical worldviews

Pragmatism

It aims at analyzing and understanding the research problem through multiple methods.

Advocacy/participatory

This research worldview deals with policies and the way they affect participants.

Constructivism

Researchers seek understanding of the world in which they live and work. It is subjective and thus, participants' views are studied.

Postpositivism

It is a deterministic and reductionistic philosophy that looks at the causes of an objective "real-world" outcome.

Research methods

Validation

Write-up

Interpretation

Data analysis

Data collection

Questions

Research designs

Mixed methods

The four major types of mixed methods designs are:

The Exploratory Design

The Explanatory Design

The Embedded Design

The Triangulation Design

Sequential, concurrent, and transformative

Quantitative

Experimental designs, non-experimental designs, such as surveys

Qualitative

Its methods reveal the behavior and perspective of study participants. Some qualitative research methods are:

Observation

Record keeping

Case study research

Ethnographic research

Focus groups

One-on-one interview

It is based on social sciences like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.