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Works Cited Rottenberg, Annette T. and Donna Haisty Winchell. "Chapter 1: Approaches to Argument." Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader. Eds. Rottenberg, Annette T. and Donna Hasity Winchell. 11th ed. Boston, Ma: Bedford/St. Martins, 2015. 3-28.

Assumption that is a broader idea than the claim. Warrant is proven by the evidence and can be stated or unstated.

Aristotelian Rhetoric (Writer-Audience Relationship) Aristotle----->

Ethos

Credibility of the arguer which helps to persuade the audience - Aristotle thought ethos to be "the most important element." (Rottenberg 7) - Audience trusts the arguer when the arguer is intelligent, trustworthy, credible.

Logos

The logic (evidence, proof) of an argument - Enthymeme: takes major premise (broad fact) and minor premise (more precise fact on same topic) to come to a conclusion.

Pathos

Writer's appeal to the audiences emotions. - Most effective emotional appeals are pity and fear. - "An argument hits home when it hits close to home." (Rottenberg 8)

Subtopic

Rogerian Argument (Audience-Subject Relationship) Carl Rogers----->

Common Ground

"The test of the writer's ethos, or ethics, is how fairly she sums up her opponent's views." (Rottenberg 20)

How to achieve a Common Ground 1. State topic of argument 2. Acknowledge both sides of the argument 3. Explain your side of the issue without creating controversy 4. Share common interests and differences 5. Suggest compromise/common ground

Involves emotionally involved writer and audience that have different opinions on an important topic.

Toulmin Model (Writer-Audience- Subject Relationship) <---- Stephen Toulmin

Warrant

Support

The way the writer convinces the audience that his claim is correct. - Writer uses evidence like statistics and testimonies - Writer uses motivational and emotional appeals

Claim

Claims of policy - "assert that specific policies should be instituted as solutions to problems." (Rottenberg 25)

Claims of value - "attempt to prove that some things are more or less desirable than others." (Rottenberg 25)

Claims of Fact - claim that uses undeniable facts that that the audience cannot argue against

APPROACHES TO ARGUMENT