12. Concepto de gramática: reflexión sobre la lengua y ...

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TEXTUAL GRAMMAR

Benefits appear when it comes to parsing and producing texts more competently. Coding and decoding. Coherenand cohesive

Convey the insights into the linguistic rules that govern text production and analysis. It is founded in both a typology of texts as a working hypothesis and a typology of sentences determined or derived from it. Therefore, text grammar focuses on the text as an end product. Text grammar tries to explain what makes a text and how the text falls into distinct groupings on account of dominant types of internal construction. These types are according to language functions: descriptive, expressive, interpersonal and sotial and ideational. They work within speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary according to Seal and Austin.

FUNCTIONAL NOTIONAL GRAMMAR

Is then the notional s, applicable to tmfl? Yes, it provides a characterization of what is that language expresses and the kinds of message people communicate by means of sentences. In short, communicative competence However CRITICISMS: DISORGANISATION. Many structurally different sentences may be presented in the same unit, while important examples of sentences having the same structure will be scattered through the course

Three key concepts

Exponents are what is purely grammatical

Textual function. It creates overall communicative text. 6 sets of options.

identification. In certain sentences, the first part has the function of something or someone to be identified and identifier.

thematization: it is realised by the sequence of elements in the sentence or clause. Theme+rheme

information. Anytext in spoken Engish is organised into information units. Each of them is marked by tone groups

Notions are the categories in which we divide reality. Time, frequency, gender and number, for instance

Interpersonal function. It reflects the management of the interpersonal roles and relationships in communication. Manifested by the grammatical category of mood: declarative, interrogative and negative

Halliday´s 3 abstract macro functions

The area that reflects the ideational function of language is the transitivity system of grammar - accounting of types of processes in which participant and circumstantial roles are involved

Functions. Represent the intentions of the speaker (describe, advise, warn). They are concerned with social behaviour

Ideational function. It constructs the content of the message

Sprang out as an attempt to emphasize communicative intentions. It appeared in the 70s as a product of the Council of Europe´s effort to establish a common syllabus for learning different languages. Functions and notions represent universal categories of human thinking, they do not vary among languages.

It focuses on language In use : students LEARN HOW TO USE LANGUAGE IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS: HOSPITAL, restaurant... rather than the general structure of languages=< external contexts of use within personal, public, occupational and educational domains

static for 2000 years until linguists in the 20th C began to question it. Views

tool for communicative competence

autonomous entity, with its inner set of rules and a language adquisition device

product in linguistic competence

What was the effect of the appearance of theses grammars on school syllabi?

The situational syllabus ''when and where do we need language? In context. In practice is difficult to define what a situation is and allocate real language in it

The semantic or notional syllabus ''what are notions that any learner will need to express?. Communicative value

the grammatical syllabus asks itself ''how do language speakers of a certain language express themselves?The syllabus presents units of learning defined in grammatical terms, howevers, students cannot see the practicality of it

COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR

Campbell and Wales speak about communicative competence as the linguistic ability to produce or understand utterances which are not so much grammatical but appropiate in the context they are made. Aim use vs usage in notional grammar. ie I´m starving=seve me dinner

In contrast to Chomsky's narrowness in his linguistic desription, Communicative grammar points out that knowing a language involves not only the ability to compose correct sentences, but also the ability to use them appropriately in acts of communication.

12. Concepto de gramática: reflexión sobre la lengua y su aprendizaje de la gramática normativa a la gramática en función del uso de la lengua y de la comunicación

TRANSFORMATIONAL OR GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

Comsky´s Syntactic Structures in 1957. Deep and surface structure

competence and performance

Deep structure. Direct representation of the basic semantic relations underlying a sentence, and mapped onto the sentence structure via transformations Similarity between the deep struct. of languages, which were concealed by their surface structures- universal grammar could be possible

reaction to structural grammar, because it didn´t cater for creativity and free use of language

STRUCTURAL GRAMMAR

Segments each sequence of elements of a sentence into its constituents parts. All the elements in the analysis are directly related to the linearly arranged sequence of events in the text. Hierarchical bracketing

Several structural frameworks of English have been proposed by Fries, Nida Nelson, Francis and Pike.

Pike proposedtagmetic analysys. Function and form should be expressed together , in strings such as S: NP+P:VP+O:NP. Tagnemes are strung together into sequences referred as contructions. Theses structurral grammars proved popular among language teachers: apparent precision and objectivity, learners accept notion of a set of gram. patterns. Shortcoming;_: doesn´t take into account creative aspect, not context, boring, learners not able to transfer to real life

Fries. 4 major ''form classes'' and 15 groups of ''function words''.His 4 major ''form classes'' would convey 4 traditional parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective and adverbs. Fries´s ''function words'' could correspond to traditional terms such as ''article'', ''preposition'' and ''auxiliary''. However, they do not exactly coincide.

Taxonomic grammar, linguistic analysis concerned with the segmantation and classification of utterances without making reference to the deeper more abstracts levels of ling. organisation. Grammatical categories should not be defined in terms of distribution. The structure should be described without reference to categories such as tense, mood and parts of speech. The units of analysis are defined in relation to each other. Main aim-,. the study of the sentence

Sounds, words and parts of sentences have not linguistic significance by themselves. They have significance only as they contrast and combine with other items in the patterns of a linguistic system. During 40s and 50s an important group of linguists including Bloch, Wells, Harris and Hockett published a substantial body of work known as structural, taxonomic or Bloomfieldan grammar

TRADITIONAL OR NORMATIVE GRAMMAR

Saussure´s Course de Linguistique General in 1916 meant a breakthough in the concept of language. Language elements are related to one another in a system of language or network systems. Therefore, a shift from an item centred view of language to one which is structured centred was produced. A structural grammar was taking place

Traditional grammars have a morphological orientation, mainly concerned with the study of word formation. 8 parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Grammar translation method (explain)

Two types of traditional grammar

scholarly or scientific grammars of the late 19th and 20th ie Jespersen´s grammar

school or pedagogical grammars, simplification of the work of scholarly grammarians

4thBC- 2 A.D.Roman grammarians. English grammarians, terminology, sophiscication

CASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR

Charles Fillmore. One of the first linguists to introduce a representation of linguisticknowledge that blurred the distinction between syntactic and semanticknowledge. LK organized around verbs, or more precisely, a verb tense. Associated with each verb is a set of cases - some are compulsory(sentence ungrammatical if ommited), others optional-. Positive: it allows learner the possibilityinferring. Negative: is not a particularly good representation for use in parsing sentences that involve complex syntactic contructions. Besides, it does not encourageinteraction

Subtopic

Topic principal

when does grammar emerge?

Learner´s variability and interlanguage

Linguistic competence and performance

second language and foreign language

Acquisition and learning

How do children acquire language?

Besides imitation: correction, cognition and inborn knowledge (Chomsky)

behaviourists

language learning, creation of habits. Structuralism and conductivism

mentalist view

It arises as the end result of the language acquisition process. Mental system that allows people to speak and understand the language. Cognitivism and constructivism