Transcription

makes

mRNA

pre-mRNA in Eukaryotes

modified Guanine 5'Cap

recognition signal for ribosomes to bind

allows translation

Poly-A Tail on 3'

Uses ATP

protects from degradation in cytoplasm

introns and exons

snRNPs and other proteins

alternative splicing

Spliceosome

mRNA with exons only

main enzyme

RNA Polymerase

reads 3' to 5'

synthesizes 5' to 3'

Upstream

promoter

TATA Box

DNA sequence

Downstream

DNA- coding region

toward 3' end

DNA REPLICATION

Prokaryotes

DNA used

Helicase

Replication forks

Topoisomerase

SSB

DNA polymerase I

Primase

Exonuclease

RNA primers

Leading strand

Okazaki fragments

Lagging strand

5' to 3'; direction of replication

circular DNA

One replication bubble

ORI sequence

Occurs in cytoplasm

Eukaryotes

ORI sequence

dna

Linear DNA

DNA polymerase III

Occurs in nucleus

Mutations

Missense

Nonsense

Frameshift

Deletion

Insertion

Silent

Cell Cycle

Cells

Somatic

Gametes

G1 Phase

S Phase

G2 Phase

Mitosis or Meiosis I/II

Cytokinesis

Interphase

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Mitosis

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

RNA-coding region

Telophase II

Telophase

Meiosis

Meiosis I

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Proteins

Amino acids

Main chain

Amino group

Carboxyl group

Side chain

R group

Polar

Non polar

Acidic (negatively charged)

Basic (positively charged)

Zwitterion

Polypeptides

dehydration to form bonds

peptide bonds

C terminus and N terminus bond

Protein structure

Primary structure

a sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Alpha helices

Beta pleated sheets

Tertiary structure

Disulfide bond

3D, folding

Quaternary structure

multiple folded protein subunits

Bonds

Disulfide bond

Van der Waals (hydrophobic)

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Protein function

Enzymatic proteins

Defensive proteins

Storage proteins

Transport proteins

Receptor proteins

Hormonal proteins

Contractile and motor proteins

Structural proteins

Translation

start codon

AUG

Met

F-Met

stop codon

UAA

UGA

UAG

polypeptide chains

amino acids

Peptidyl transferase

makes peptidebonds

tRNA

attaches to codons

has amino acids

has anticodons

Amino acyl tRNA synthetase

adds amino acids to 3' of tRNA

Ribosomes

Prokaryotic

70s

Eukaryotic

80s

binding sites

The P site

The A site

The E site

elongation factors

aminoacyl peptidyl

FPaola Juarez- proteins & DNA replication Nelissa Garcia- mutations, cell cycle & organic compounds Carolina Herrera- transcription & translation

Organic Compounds

Proteins

Examples

Insulin

Hemoglobin

Enzymes

Amino Acids

Polypeptides

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Examples

Glucose

Fructose

Disaccharide

Examples

Sucrose

Lactose

Polysaccharide

Starch

Plants

Energy Storage

Glycogen

Animals

Nucleic Acids

Chain of Nucleotides

Phosphate Group

Nitrogen Base

5 Carbon Sugar

Examples

DNA

Lipids

Fats

Saturated

Unsaturated

Phospholipids

Cell Membrane

Steroids

4 Ring Carbons

Examples

Cholesterol

Hormones