Next
Next
Result
To be turned into
Next
FAD
To be turned into
Next
NAS+
First
Also a
Starts as a
Transforms into
Transforms into
Transforms into
Transforms into
Transforms into
Transforms into
Transforms into
Produces
Transforms into
Occurs
Starts with
Then
Then
First
Then
Then
Does not require O2
First
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 1
Synthesis
Has
Result
Reaction
Reaction type
Involves production of
Occurs
Consumes
Location of Reaction
Output
Input
Gets energy from
Result
Result
Called
Through
Limits
Contains division
Result
Uses
Allows
Called
Can be synthesize into
Like
G3P that leaves
Then
Then
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Also called
Energy created through
ATP converted by
Energy created through
Production of
Production of
Called
Then
Then
Leftover oxygen
First
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
Antenna system
Then
Then
First
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 1
Also called
Stage 2
Stage 1
Green colour comes from
Absorbed by
Result
Reaction
Occurs
Location of Reaction
Gets energy from
Input
Produces
Has a
Involves production of
Reaction type
Produced after
Has an
Has
Output
Produced after

Photosynthesis

Sunlight

Energy stored

Chlorophyll

Reflecting colour wavelengths
that are not absorbed

Chloroplasts

In the presence of sunlight

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy →
C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light dependent reactions

Light reactions

Capture of light energy

Electrons in chlorophyll molecules attached to thylakoid membrane absorb a photon of light energy

Electron charged and moves from chlorophyll a to another pigment, electron passed along Antenna system to reaction centre

Primary electron acceptor captures electron, oxidizing reaction centre

Contains two arrangements
of pigments and proteins

Photosystem 680, used first

Photosystem 700, used second

Transfer of light energy

During photolysis, photosystem 680 removes electrons from H2O to release H+ ions

Diffuses out of chloroplast

Chesmiosmotic gradient created by pumping protons into lumen of thylakoids

Photosystem II transfers electrons to photosystem I, along a pathway from plasoquinone to 6-f complex to pastocynanin

Ferrodoxin transfers electrons to NADP reductase

Electron transport chain

Transformation of light
energy into chemical energy

ATP

Chesmiosmosis from proton motive force created by concentration difference between storm and lumen side

ATP synthase

NADH

NADPH created when NADP reductase uses electron energy to attach H+ to NADP+

Light-independent reactions

Calvin cycle

In carbon fixation, RuBP carboxylase catalyzes an exergonic reaction between 3 ribulose molecules and 3 CO2 molecules to create an unstable compound that splits into six total 2-phosphoglycerate, cycle happens six times for each glucose molecule

A phosphate group from ATP from light dependent reactions is added to each PGA molecule to make PGAP

PGAP goes through a reduction reaction powered by NADPH from previous reactions to make G3P

One G3P leaves, 5 stay to power cycle again

Produces carbohydrates

Glucose and Fructose

Sucrose and starch

During regeneration of RuBP, the 5 G3P that are not used to make carbohydrates combine with 3 phosphates and 3 ATP to create 3 RuBP molecules

Regeneration

Cycle to repeat itself

Types

C3

Rubisco to fix CO2 to RuBP
(3 Carbon atom), making
2 G3P

Does not do well in hot, dry area, less efficient when higher rate of photorespiration is required

C4

CAM

Photorespiration

Completing C4 pathway at night
time, Calvin cycle during day
time

Temporal seperation

Very efficient in hot, dry weather

Carbon fixed into four carbon atoms

Do better in hot, dry climates

Cellular Respiration

Chemical bonds

Energy released

Glucose and oxygen

Carbon dioxide and water

Mitochondria

A double cell membrane

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Thylakoid membrane

Carbohydrates

All the time

ATP

Via chesmiosis

Redox

𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6 + 6𝑂2→ 6𝐶𝑂2+ 6𝐻2𝑂 + energy in the form of ATP

Glycolysis

2 ATP consumed to be used later

6-carbon glucose molecule into 2
3-carbon molecules (G3P using 2 ATP after fourth reaction

Production of 2 NASH and 4 ATP + both G3P converted into 2 2-carbon pyruvate molecules

Anaerobic reaction

Pyruvate oxidation

CO2 molecule removed from
each 3-carbon pyruvate molecule

NAD+ oxidizes each 3-carbon
pyruvate molecule, addition of two electrons and protons creates NADH
and H+, leftover products create acetic acid

acetyl-CoA is created when
coenzyme A bonds to acetic acid

Krebs cycle

Acetyl-CoA

Citrate

Isocitrate

A-ketoglutarate

Succinyl-CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

Reactant

Product

4 CO2, 6 NADH,
2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Twice

Electron transport chain/chesmiosis

NADH dehydrogenase enzyme take electrons from NADH, protons from NADH get moved into matrix, energy powers 2 proton pumps to move H+ ions into inter membrane space

Reenters Krebs cycle

NADH

Ubiquinone takes electrons from FADH2, it carries electrons to proton pump to force more H+ into inter membrane space

Returns to Krebs cycle

FADH2

Cytochrome C takes electrons to last proton pump, electron energy pumps H+ into intermembrane space, some energy lost to heat, creates an electrochemical gradient across membrane

Potential energy

Electrons have low energy from pumping H+, water is created when oxygen accepts these electrons and binds to 2H+

H+ channel proteins in membrane let H+ come into matrix creating kinetic energy with their movement creating ATP

Floating topic