Macromolecules

Monosaccharides

Hydrolysis

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Found In Milk

Found In Fruit

Energy For Humans

Alpha Glucose

OH in opposite
Direction of Carbon 6

Beta Glucose

OH in same
direction as carbon 6

Isomers

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Condensation

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

Glucose + Fructose

Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharides

Heteropolysaccharide

2 or more different
monosaccharide

Homopolysaccharide

Starch

Amylase
+
amlodipine

Found
In
Plants

Single type of
Monosaccharides

Glycogen

Animal Starch

Found In animals

Cellulose

structural
component
plant cell walls

Dextran

Found In Corn starch
and other cereal starches

Structure

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Cx(H20)y

2:1
Hy:Ox

C_(H_O)_
Glucose

(X & Y are numbers )

Arranged In Sugar Units

Disaccahrides

2 Sugar Units

-O-O-

E,g Maltose

Monosaccarides

1 Sugar Unit

-O-

Eg Glucose

Poly Saccarides

Many Sugar Units

-O-O-O-O-
-O-O-O-O-

E.g Starch

Tests

Reducing
Sugar Test.
Add 2ml testing
Solution + 2mll Benedicts Solution
Test

Brick
Red
precipitate
Absent
reducing
sugar
Absent

Brick Red
Precipitate
Present
reducing
Sugar
Present

Non reducing sugar test
test
2ml testing solution +
1ml dilute HCI +
2ml benedict solution

Brick Red precipitate
Absent
Non reducing
Sugar
Absent

Brick red
precipitate present
(non reducing
sugar present)

Structure

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure
polypeptide

Motifs

Intermolecular Interactions

Tertiary Structure

3-Dimensional
Structure

Ex.
Aquaporin

Transmembrane
Protein

Transport
water
Across Cell
Membrane

Example
Myoglobin

Quaternary Structure

Haemoglobin

Found in RBCs

Transport O2

2d+2B Polypeptides
chain fold to form

B-pleated
Sheet

D - Helix

Diet: Daily Needs

Source

Digestion Of peptide
Releases from meat, etc.

maize
(lack of tryptophan)

Additional needs

Replacing tissue

Injury

Cancer

Burns

Building tissue

Exercise/ training

Breast feeding

Pregnancy

Deficiencies

protein energy malnutrition

Pellagra (maize diet)
tryptophan deficiency

diarrhea

Skin lesions

Kwashiorkor
(Children)

Protein poor diet
(Banana/cassava)

Vitamin defciency

Poor growth

oedema

Marasmus
(Long term famine)

Organs/muscle
mobilized

Gut inefficiency

Muscle wasting

Function

Fibrous

Skeletal/support
e.g Collagen

Globular

Enyzmes

oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.

Antibodies

Multiple Sclerosis.
Eicosanoid Receptor.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.
Green Fluorescent Protein.
Antigen.
Peptide.
Proteome.
Epitope.

Membrane proteins

transmembrane α-helix protein, transmembrane α-helical protein and transmembrane β-sheet protein.

Mobile Carriers

Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb)

Phosphodiester Bonds (Bond Between Phosphate Group and Hydroxyl Group of the Next Nucleotide)

A Second Messenger for Internal Signalling In The Cells

Phosphate Group + Ribose + Adenine + Hydroxyl

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

Two Phosphate Groups + Two Ribose Sugar + Adenine + Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)

Two Phosphate Groups + Two Ribose Sugar + Adenine + NADH Group

Used In Different Sets of Reactions That Remove Hydrogen (Ex. Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis)

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Two Phosphate Groups + Two Ribose Sugars + Adenine + Riboflavin)

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Two Phosphate Groups + Ribose + Adenine + Phosphoadenosine Diphosphate + Pantothenic Acid + Beta Mercaptoethylamine

Used to Move a Molecule to An Enzyme

Purines = Adenine, Guanine (Double Ring Structure)

Pyrimidines + Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil (Single Ring Structure)

Phosphate + Deoxyribose Backbone and Nitrogenous Base (Double Stranded Helix)

Adenine Bonds with Thymine (Two Hydrogen Bonds), Guanine Bonds with Cytosine (Three Hydrogen Bonds)

Long Term Storage of Genetic Information

Phosphate + Ribose Backbone and Nitrogenous Base (Single Stranded)

Adenine Bonds with Uracil
(Two Hydrogen Bonds. Uracil Replaces Thymine in RNA), Guanine Bonds with Cytosine (Three Hydrogen Bonds)

Functions

Participates In Protein Synthesis

Transcribes and Translates DNA

Nucleic Acids Play a Large Role In The Food Chain and Transfer of Potential Energy

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is The Raw Form Of Energy

3 Phosphate Groups + Ribose Sugar + Adenine

Heterotrophs (Organisms That Need To Consume Their Energy Like Humans) Consume Their Energy, But Can Only get 5-20% of The Original Energy

Autotrophs (Organisms That Produce Their Own Energy Like Plants). Make Their Own ATP Using Sunlight

Properties

Fatty Acids

Insoluble

Functions

Proection

Structure

Insulation

Hormonal Roles

Storage/Energy

Structure

Waxes

Cholesterol

Plasma Membrane

Glycoprotein

Glyolipids

Transmembrane Protein

Fatty Acids

Saturation

Vegetable Oils

Animals Fats

Acid Group

States

Liquid

Lake

Ontario Lake

Gas

Clouds

Solid

Snow

Living Things

Animals

Penguins

Plants

Joshua Tree

Properties

High Specific
Heat capacity

Polarity

Universal
Solvent

Hydrogen
Bonding

High latent
Heat of
Vaporization

Water Sticks to itself

Adhesion

Water Sticks to other things

Functional Group

Essential Nutrients

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Food System

Food (Macronutrients)

E,g Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Autotroph

Synthesize Food
using sunlight

Photosynthesis

nadp + nadph

Plants

ADP ATP

ADP

camp

Used as secondary messanger

Heterotroph

Get food by eating
other living being or
organic matter

Amino Acids

Essential

Non Essential