Common Ancestors

Characteristics:
- lack a nucleus and membrane- bound organelle
- have cytoplasm, cell membrane, a cell wall, dna and ribosomes
- are single-celled organisms

Characteristics:
- have a membrane-bound nucleus
- has a plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm
- typically larger than prokaryote
- protists, fungi, plants and animals all go under this

Movement Strategies:
- Some sarcodines also use pseudopods to move from one place to another. Others simply float.

Movement Strategies:
-It swims rapidly by coordinated wavelike beats of its many cilia. A paramecium normally moves forward in a corkscrew fashion but is capable of reversing direction when it encounters undesirable conditions.

Movement Strategies:
Sporozoans have no physical form of movement. However, they can be moved by the currents of the blood or other fluids of their hosts.

Movement Strategies:
- Flagellates that move with a whip. These protists move with a whip like extension called a flagella. The flagella is located at the front end of the cell.

Reproductive Structure:
- Chytridiomycota are unusual among the Fungi phylum, in that they reproduce with zoospores.
- For most members of Chytridiomycetes, sexual reproduction is not known.
- Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of zoospores derived through mitosis.

Reproductive Structure:
- Zygomycetes can develop both sexually and asexually.
- Zygomycota usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores.
- Zygomycota reproduce sexually when environmental conditions become unfavorable.
- To reproduce sexually, two opposing mating strains must fuse or conjugate, thereby, sharing genetic content and creating zygospores.

Reproductive Structure:
- They mainly reproduce by budding and fission, yeasts also engage in sexual reproduction that results in the production of an ascus, placing them in the Ascomycota.

Reproductive Structure:
- Sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia.
- Sexual reproduction is more common than asexual.
- Sexual reproduction happens through basidiospores being born on basidia, club-shaped structures.
- Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature.

Adaptations:
- Type of non vascular plant found near fresh water. Known as moss. The plants that started off on the water. Early stages of plants.

Adaptations:
- Contain vascular tissue and do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores. Ex. ferns. They contained a stem which was the first stage of getting nutrients to travel up the plants. This also gave the plant some structural support as it had to reach high to obtain as much sunlight as it could.

Adaptations:
- A vascular plant where seeds are stored inside a ripened ovary (fruit). Roots are introduced which can make life on land possible due to the roots gathering all the nutrients from underground and transporting it up into the plant using the xylem and phloem.

Adaptations:
-
Plants that produce flowers and have their seeds are covered. These are the plants that lived on land and had working methods of transporting nutrients up and down the plant and they were structurally sturdy so they could get high and get the sunlight that they needed.

Agnatha (jawless fish)

Adaptation:
- Start off as jawless fish and can move around and hunt for food.

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Adaptations:
- Have bone tissue as opposed to cartilage. This makes the organism stronger and more able to fend for it's self and also helps it to gain the power to move around more efficiently with speed and agility.

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Adaptations:
- Jawed fish with paired fins, paired nostrils, scales and skeleton made of cartilage. They have nostrils to help smell so hard skeletons start to form to keep organs and such inside of the body. This can aid with terrestrial.

Amphibia (amphibians)

Adaptation:
- They spend their life in water and on land, forming both gills and lungs. The lungs will help them to live on land better because they can intake more oxygen and have acquired a proper respiratory system.

Reptilia (reptiles)

Adaptation:
- Cold blooded air breathing vertebrates that live only on land and have scales or horny plates for protection and to aid in regulating their body temperatures by themselves. They also have developed quick strong modes of movement to avoid predators and to catch their own food.

Aves (birds)

Adaptations:
- Birds evolved to have feathers and learned to gain flight. This aids them by being above all other animals and prevents them from being hunted down by predators.

Mammalia (mammals)

Adaptations:
- Mammals have fur or hair and have evolved to have full working internal systems and different modes of nutrition along with methods of avoiding prey on land and in water which helps mammals survive longer on land.

Reproductive Strategies:
- Monotremes are the only living mammals where females lay eggs instead of giving live birth. They produce sexually meaning they have two parents.Except during mating season, monotremes are solitary animals.

Reproductive Strategies:
- They give live birth, but they do not have long gestation times like placental mammals. Instead, they give birth very early and the young animal, essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from the mother's birth canal.
- This is more superior to monotremes because the zygote is more protected this way because it is always close to the mother. Eggs can get eaten by other animals and all eggs don't hatch due to some being infertile or zygote mortality occurs inside the egg.

Reproductive Strategies:
- Where substances are passed from the mother to the fetus so that it can stay longer in the womb.
- This is more superior to the marsupials because when the zygotes are born, they are more healthy than the marsupials when they are born because marsupial zygotes do not have a placenta. They must absorb nutrients from the yolk of their ovum. This results in the mother nurturing the baby marsupial after it's born for longer than what a placenta mammal would have to do to it's baby. So due to this, placenta mammals are more superior than marsupials.