Theoretical Perspective
Behavioral Pespective
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
emphasizes that cognitive processes have important links with the environment and behavior. His early research program focused heavily on observational learning (also called imitation or modeling), which is learning that occurs through observing what others do.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
operant conditioning the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.
Neo-Freudian Perspective
Erickson's Psychological theory
Integrity VS. Despair
During this stage, a person reflects on the past
Generativity VS. Stagnation
By generativity Erikson means primarily a concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
Intimacy VS. Isolation
At this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships.
Identity VS. Identity Confusion
individuals need to find out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
Industry VS. Inferiority
Children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.
Initiative VS. Guilt
As preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face new challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior.
Autonomy VS. Shame and Doubt
after gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. They start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy.
Trust VS. Mistrust
The development of trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live.
Piaget's Pespective
Formal Operational Stage
In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms.
Concrete operational Stage
In this stage, children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can beapplied to specific or concrete examples.
Preoperational Stage
In this stage, children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
Sensorimotor Stage
In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions—hence the term sensorimotor.
Freud's psychosexual perspective
Genital Stage
characterized by the maturation of the reproductive system, production of sex hormones, and a reactivation of the genital zone as an area of sensual pleasure.
Latency Stage
sexual desires are repressed and all the child’s available libido is channeled into socially acceptable outlets such as schoolwork or vigorous play that consume most of the child’s physical and psychic energy.
Phallic Stage
reflects the preschooler’s gratification involving the genitals.
Anal Stage
reflects the toddler’s need for gratification along the rectal area.
Oral Stage ( First year)
reflects the infant’s need for gratification from the mother.
