Cells that perform specific functions
Muscle
Long and thin structure, allows cells to change size when contracting, has lots of mitochondria
Red blood cells
Doughnut-like structure with smooth texture, it carries oxygen and nutrients through the body and releases carbon dioxides
Bone
Hard structure to help body with strength, collects calcium and allows growth and repair for the body
Nerve
Long and thin with branches, they allow communication throughout the body
Cellular differentiation
The process that produces specialised cells
Skin
Thin flat layers packed on top of one another to protect the cells and reduce water loss
Stem cells
A cell that can differentiate into different cells
Tissue stem cells can only change into specific cells
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into anything
Fat cells
Fat cells have large vacuoles that can expand allowing them to store more fat
They also store chemical energy
Sperm cells
They look like small minos in your body
Sperm cells are able to move independently, carrying DNA from the male body to the female egg
White blood cells
Blue and green with big centre
They move like amoeba fighting bacteria and infection
Digestive system
Made up of
digestive track
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
Accessory organs
the liver, pancreas, and gallbladde
Functions
Ingestion
Delivers food to body
Digestion
Breakdown food into physical and chemical nutrients
Absorption
The nutrients that pass through digestive system enter the blood stream
Elimination
The elimination of un-wanted materials in food
Physical digestion
Food that is physically crushes into smaller pieces (Chewing)
Chemical digestion
Enzymes breakdown molecules (Saliva/stomach)
Parts of system
Mouth
breaks down food physically (chewing) and chemically (enzymes in saliva) and adds saliva to soften food
Esophagus
A long tube that connects the mouth the the stomach and allows food to pass from mouth to stomach
Stomach
Breaks down food physically (churning) and chemically (enzymes in stomach fluid)
Small intestine
A long tube where most of digestion occurs
large intestine
Collects un-digested nutrients and water
Rectum & Anus
Holds un-wanted nutrients until ready to eliminate
Circulatory system
This system transports different substances such as nutrients, oxygen, and waste throughout the body
Components of blood
Red blood cells
make 45% of blood volume
White blood cells
Fighting mutated cells and destroying bacteria and virus
PLatelets
Tiny cells that hepl with blood clotting
Plasma
Protein filled liquid
Heart
Four chambres
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Blood vessels
Network of tubes
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
Veins
Carry blood to heart
Capillaries
Narrow tubes where air exchange occurs
Respiratory system
Made up of
Nose, Mouth, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles. Alveoli, Diaphragm, and the lungs
Function
The respiratory system provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave (Function is very similar to circulatory system)
Parts of system
Lungs
Consists of 2 lobes
Exchanges carbon dioxides for oxygen and vice versa
Nose and mouth
Air entry points
Filters air/cool air
Mouth is plan "B" for entry
Trachea & Bronchi
Supported by rings of cartilage
Produce mucus
Contain cilia (hair-like projections)
Bronchioles
Trachea branches into bronchi
Bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles
Alveoli
The alveoli have very thin walls and are surrounded by a network of capillaries
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli
Diaphragm
Muscle that controls breathing
Helps lungs expand and contract
Breathing is involuntary
Why do cells divide?
Repair
Growth
Reproduction
Interphase
Cell grows, DNA & organelles multiply
Mitosis
Division of cell
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis
Division o cytoplasm and the rest of organelles
Stage 1
Interphase
The longest stage of cell cycle, the cell grows and carries usual functions
Stage 2
Mitosis
Made up of 4 phases
Prophase
The pairs of chromosome shorten and become thicker, Nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell, Spindle fibers break away from centrioles and attach to chromosomes
Anaphase
The chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of cell, Each daughter cell now has complete set of chromosomes.
Telophase
The chromosome reach opposite poles of cell, a nuclear envelope starts to form around chromosomes.
Stage 3
Cytokinesis
Cell begins early stages of interphase before beginning cell cycle over again
Cancer is caused when the cell's DNA is no good and it rapidly grows
Tumours
Mass of cells that contain no function in our bodies
Malignant tumours are cancerous
Benign tumours are non-cancerous
metastasis
This occurs when cancer cells separate from original tumours and enter blood stream which results in uncontrolled spread of the cancerous or non-cancerous cells.
Causes of cancer
Random mutation
Carcinogens- Tobacco/smoking
Hereditary
Reduce risks
Eat healthy(Fruits/veggies/right amount of protein)
Physical activities
No smoking
Protect body from too much sun
Regular check ups or cancer
Imaging technologie
Endoscopy
Flexible tool that uses a screen to see inside the body
X-Rays
X-ray images see different parts of the body
Ultrasound
uses high frequency sound waves to create images o sot tissue inside body
CAT scan
Multiple x-rays taken from different angles
MRI
Uses radio-waves and magnetic fields to create a clear image
Treatments
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
The movement of water from an area of concentration to low concentration
Cell (muscle cell)
The basic structural unit of all living things
Tissue (muscle tissue)
cells that perform similar functions
Epithelial
Covers outside body surface like skin
Connective
provides strength and support like bones and tendons
Muscle
Allows movement such as skeletal muscles
Nerve
Transmit information like the brain
Organ (heart)
Tissues that perform similar functions
Organ system (circulatory system)
A group of organs that work together to perform a required task
Organism (deer)
Performed by a combination of it's organ systems
The cell is a functional unit of life
All living things are made of one or more cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cytoplasm
Made up of water and salt
Many chemical reactions occur in cytoplasm
Chemical reactions cause the cytoplasm to form from a jelly-like substance to liquid allowing organelles to pass through easily
Cell membrane
Double layers shell
Support cell by controlling what comes in or out
Allows water and oxygen to pass through because they have smaller particles, Does not allow protein to pass through because it has larger particles
Nucleus
Carries the cells DNA
Contains genetic information that controls cell activities
Rough spherical structure
Mitochondria
Glucose + Oxygen ------> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Stores energy as a form of glucose
Makes energy for cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
General function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
Three dimensional network
Protein's always needed in these
Golgi body
Cells that secrete more mucus/Golgi
Collects and process material to move from cells
Makes and secretes mucus
Vacuoles
Any waste materials are ejected from cell as vacuoles join up again
Single layered membrane enclosing fluid
Contains and removes un-wanted substances
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are found 'free' in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER.
Makes protein for cell
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is an organelle in the nucleus
transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes.
Cell wall
Rigid and porous structure
Protects cells from any damage
It can still hold even if plant is dead
Vacuole
All plant cells have one large vacuole
it can hold water and keep cells plumb
Chloroplast
Gives plants their green colour
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy -----> Glucose + Oxygen
Absorbs light from sun (Photosynthesis)
The movement of molecules from an area o high concentration to an area of low concentration