SNC2DL 2021 -Grade 10 Laurier Science

Chemical Reactions

Types Of Reactions

Synthesis

Element + element - compound (DASH MEANS ARROW)

Decomposition

Compound - element (/compound) + element (/compound)

Double Displacement

Compound + compound - compound (different) + compound (different)

Single Displacement

Element + compound - compound + element

Neutralization

Acid + base - water + salt

*Combustion

Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas - carbon dioxide + water + energy

Complete combustion

Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas - carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon soot + energy

Incomplete combustion

Word equations, skeletal equations, balanced equations of reactions

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, mass cannot be created or destroyed and must stay the same throughout the reaction

Even with gases* in sealed systems

Gases in general, in our atmosphere

Reactant mass = product mass

Reactions in a sealed system v/s reactions in an open system

Gases in chemical reactions

Diatomic molecules

Balancing skeletal equations

Acids

Carbonic acid

Sulfuric acid

Acetic acid

Hydrochloric acid

Citric acid

Bases

Sodium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide

Ammonium hydroxide

pH Indicators

Red litmus paper

Blue litmus paper

pH paper

Phenolphthalein

Bromothymol blue

Universal indicator

Red cabbage juice

Ionic Compounds

Bohr Rutherford diagrams before & after ionization

Naming ions & ionic compounds

Properties of ionic compounds

Ionic compounds with naming nonmetals & with multivalent elements

Polyatomic ions & compounds with polyatomic ions

Writing formulas for polyatomic ions/ ionic compounds in general

Compounds with a metal & nonmetal

Made using ionic bonds

Molecular Compounds

Compounds with a nonmetal & nonmetal

Made using covalent bonds

Chemical properties of matter

Pure substances & mixtures

Atomic theory of matter

Periodic table of elements

Four common chemical families

Elements on the periodic table

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Ion charge

Patterns in electron arrangements

Different elements used as stains in cell viewing

Cells

Cell Organelles

Cell membrane

Cell wall (PLANT ONLY)

Nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough & smooth)

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Golgi bodies

Lysosome

Vacuole

Chloroplast (PLANT)

Differences In Plant & Animal Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Present in most living organisms

Contain organelles (surrounded in membranes)

Prokaryotic Cells

Normally one-celled organisms

Few internal structures

Dont have structures covered in membranes

Cells are the smallest unit capable of performing life functions

Cell Division (Reproduction)

Cells in interphase

Regular growth & development

Cell carries out its basic function

Cells in mitosis

Prophase

Chromatin coils, condenses into chromosomes

Nuclear membrane disapears

Centroiles move to poles of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosome centromeres

Metaphase

Chromosomes of the cell line up at cell equator (with spindle fibers)

Anaphase

The spindle fibers split apart the chromosomes into strands

The strands move away from each other (begin to)

Telophase

New nuclear membranes form around each DNA set

Spindle fibers disappear

Chromosomes unwind into chromatin

Cells in cytokinesis

Parent cell organelles & DNA are duplicated,

A split pinch occurs to turn the parent cell into two
daughter cells

Animal cells - cleavage furrow
Plant cells - cell plate

Cell Apoptosis

The regular, controlled death of a cell

Happens when a cell is no longer effective in its function, so it self-destructs

Cancer & Cells

Tumors In Organisms

Benign tumors

Not cancerous - not dangerous to the body

Malignant tumors

Cancerous - may result in death of the organism

Cancer Treatments

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

The immune system treats the cancer like it would a harmful foreign body, and gets rid of it like that

Cell Specialization

STEM cells/ embryo

Unspecialized cells that have the potential to become specialized as they mature

Specialized cells

Cells that have a specific structure to perform a specific function

Different cell types have different structures & perform different functions

Cell development

All cells start out as identical and will grow to do its own thing in the organism

Cell differentiation

The series of events through which STEM cells develop into/become specialized cells

Happens during fetal state (?)

Cells come together to make tissue

Tissue

Tissues in animals

Epithelial tissue

Lines cavities & body outer surfaces, protects structures & forms glands

Connective tissue

Forms blood, protects & supports structure, stores fat, fills empty space

Muscle tissue

Allows for movement

Nervous tissue

Responds to stimuli, transmits & stores info., among other things

Tissues in plants

Meristematic tissue

Unspecialized tissue that divides with apoptosis, found in many locations & is responsible for growth

Epidermal tissue

Protective outer covering, exchanges materials/gases through the plant

Ground tissue

LEAVES:

The site of where photosynthesis occurs

STEM:

Provides strength/support

ROOTS:

Stores food/water

Vascular tissue

Xylem

Transports nutrients and water up the plant

Phloem

Transports sugars (& energy) down the plant

Tissues come together to form organs

Organ

Organ systems

Animals have 11 organ systems

The integumentary system

Consists of skin, hair, nails, glands, etc.

The skeletal system

Consists of all bones & cartilage, etc.

The muscular system

Consists of all tendons & ligaments,
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, etc.

The digestive system

Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas,
gall bladder, liver, intestines, rectum, etc.

The respiratory system

Consists of nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchioles,
bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm, etc.

Cellular respiration

The circulatory system

Consists of heart, blood vessels (Arteries, veins,
cappilaries), blood itself, etc.

The Nervous System

Consists of the Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord) & the Peripheral Nervous System (nerves in the body).

The endocrine system

Consists of the glands - pitituary, hypothalamus, thyroid,
adrenals, - pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males), etc.

The excretory system

Consists of bladder, ureter, urethra, kidney, skin, etc.

The reproductive system

FEMALES: ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus, etc.

MALES: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra, etc.

The lymphatic system

Consists of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
white blood vessels, etc.

Plants have 2 organ systems

The root system

Below ground

The roots take up water & nutrients,
send them up the stem

The shoot/shute system

Above ground

Transpiration in plant leaves

Water evaporation from leaves of the plant

As a water molecule leaves the leaf, it pulls up other water molecules along with it

Pulls up water & nutrients with xylem,
brings sugars down with phloem

Processes of stem, leaves, flowers, bud, fruit, etc.

A structure composed of different tissue,
specialized to carry out a specific function.

Groups of similar cells that come together to
perform a specific function

Viruses & pandemics of different times in history, including COVID19

Earth's "Bio-spheres"

Atmosphere

Atmospheric Gases and climate change

Greenhouse Gases

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon sources

Carbon sinks

Nitrous Oxide

Methane (hydrocarbon)

The Greenhouse Effect

The Natural Greenhouse Effect

The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect

Combustion into the atmosphere from human
activities

Climate justice for remote populations

Atmosphere Layers

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Hydrosphere

Melting freshwater glaciers into the oceans

Lithosphere

Biosphere

Biomes Of Canada

Earth's biomes & Changing weather conditions

Weather V/S Climate

Canada's weather & climate conditions

Global Warming & Climate Change

Global Warming Potential of certain GHG's

Global Warming due to GHG emissions

Persistence of certain GHG's

Effects of Climate Change

Heat waves

Drought

Wildfires

Storms

Floods

Melting Ice

Ocean Warming

Changes in ocean
current flows

Changes in animal species behaviour

range shifts of animals (and plants)

Species threatened by changes in
weather/temperature

Animals that benefit
from climate change

C.C. Mitigation

Making climate change effects less
severe/milder

C.C. Adaptation

Developing cities to counteract & adapt to C.C. effects

Adaptive capacities of certain countries

Resource imbalance among countries

Climate Change & the economy

Pollution & emissions starting
from the industrial revolution

Maximizing profits using developing country resources

The G8

Canada

France

Germany

Italy

U.K.

Japan

U.S.

Russia

Managing individual carbon footprints and thus, GHG emissions

Individual electricity use reduction

Individual fossil fuel consumption - reduction

Industrial fossil fuel consumption - reduction

Solar Radiation & Thermal Energy On Earth

Thermal energy near the poles v/s thermal energy near the equator

Insolation v/s albedo of certain areas

Net Radiation Budget Of Earth & specific areas

Albedo

Insolation

Net Radiation Budget

Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP)

Proof of GHG concentrations increasing

Mitigation & Adaptation

Sustainable development

Using resources from the Earth responsibly

Leaving resources on Earth usable by future generations

Legislated eco-targets for parts of the world

Developed countries helping developing countriesby reducing GHG emissions

Sequestering carbon dioxide

Buying carbon offsets

trading GHG emissions limits between companies
(legislated emission limit)

Paying carbon taxes
(for emissions by companies)

Light travels in waves

Waves

Wave properties

Wavelength

Distance from one point in a wave to another similar point (ie. trough to trough)

Measured in metres (Greek letter lambda)

Amplitude

The wave height from the crest to rest position,
wave depth from trough to rest position

Amplitude determines the energy carried

Frequency

The rate of repetition, in a wave

Frequency-Wavelength relationship

As frequesncy increases, the waves are closer together & therefore smaller

Parts of a wave

Crest

This is the highest point of a wave

Trough

This is the lowest point in a wave

Rest Position - when there are no waves being made

A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy (from point to point) without transferring matter

Electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic radiation

Radio waves

Longest wavelength - lowest frequency waves

Microwaves

Infrared light

Visible light

Ultraviolet light

X-rays

Gamma rays

Extremely high energy radiation (shortest wavelength & frequency)

The Wave Model of Light

Prisms & the Visible Spectrum

The range of different colours of light passing through a prism is considered the visible spectrum

Additive colour theory of Light

White light is made up of different colours of light

Subtractive colour theory of Light

Coloured matter takes in different colours selectively

We use similarities in light and movement of waves on the surface of water to explain certain properties of light

Microscopes

Electron

Standard light

How to use a standard microscope

How the eye sees light (PERSONAL RESEARCH)