Genetics
Chromosomes
DNA coils around histones (proteins) forming nucleosomes which supercoil into chromosomes
Meiosis
Genetic Modification
Insulin (hormone that controls blood sugar levels) can be obtained from the plasmid of E.coli
Genes
Most genes encode proteins but some don't (tRNA)
Cell Biology
Cell Theory
Cell Division: cells are only formed through the division of other cells
Prokaryotes
One chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule made of naked DNA
May have additional plasmids to contain genes, often related to specific function
Eukaryotes
Multiple linear DNA molecules packaged with histone proteins (globular and wider than DNA forming nucleosomes)
Organelles
Centrioles: release spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart
Cell Membrane
made up of phospholipids (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails)
cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity and permeability
Membrane Transport
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Help regulate the cell shape change during cell division due to CDK
Cytoplasm
Contains enzymes to catalyze the reactions that take place
Ultrastructure of Cells
Ribosomes: synthesize proteins and translate mRNA
Molecular Biology
Carbohydrates
Structural support to plant cells and fungi (cell wall)
Hydrogen Bonds
Connects nucleotides in DNA (CG/TA)
Protein Folding: stabilizes the 2°, 3° and 4° structure in proteins
Proteins
Enzymes are proteins
Responsible for most of the human body functions
Regulation in body
Homeostasis: self-regulating process cells conduct to maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
Metabolism: anabolism and catabolism
Lipids
phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group
Steroids
Cholesterol
Nucleic Acids
Base Pairing
Two nitrogenous bases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds
Adenine = Thymine (DNA)/Uracil (RNA)
Cytosine ≡ Guanine
Translation
Polypeptide chain released from Exit site is inactive so it begins folding
Transcription
Synthesis of an RNA sequence from DNA template
occurs in the nucleus
Mitosis
Cyclins control the progression of the cell cycle by binding to Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
Maahi's Biology Connections
