Vygotsky

Zone of proximal development is the distance betwen what students can do independently and what they can do with the assistance of a competen other.

This video does a good job showing how the teacher did not go out of the student's zone of prozimal development, while at the same time she used scaffolding to break down how to write the letter A. Then let the student work on it by herself once the teacher has instilled confidence in the student.

A more competent person helps a child master new skills by breaking the task or subskills into small units and guiding performance to a higher level.

This teacher explains how she used scaffolding in her French class to teach a recipe. Instead of putting the whole recipe on the board and having them trying to fidure it out. She broke the recipe down into smaller parts making the kids work together to try and figure out the different elements.

Talking to oneself out loud,partially out loud, or silently in one's mind to help regulate ones own behavior or solve problems.

Pricate speech can be very benefitial if your are studying in a lourd place or a place with a lot of distractions. Mouthing some of the phrases or speaking out loud in order to try and master details often helps students.