Categorizing LLS
O' Malley (1985)
Cognitive strategies
applying a specific technique to a particular task
for example repeating, reasoning and analyzing
Metacognitive strategies
related to the learning process
for example organizing, planning and monitoring
Socio-affective strategies
involving one and others
for example cooperating with peers and seeking clarification
Rubin (1987)
Communication strategies
participating in a conversation and getting the meaning
Social strategies
getting learners to practice their knowledge
Oxford (1990)
Metacognitive strategies
Organizing, focusing and evaluating
Social strategies
Cooperating with others
Affective strategies
Handling emotions or attitudes
Cognitive strategies
Linking info, analyzing and classifying
Memory strategies
Entering new info and retrieving
Compensation strategies
Overcome deficiencies and gap