Categorizing LLS

O' Malley (1985)

Cognitive strategies

applying a specific technique to a particular task
for example repeating, reasoning and analyzing

Metacognitive strategies

related to the learning process
for example organizing, planning and monitoring

Socio-affective strategies

involving one and others
for example cooperating with peers and seeking clarification

Rubin (1987)

Communication strategies

participating in a conversation and getting the meaning

Social strategies

getting learners to practice their knowledge

Oxford (1990)

Metacognitive strategies

Organizing, focusing and evaluating

Social strategies

Cooperating with others

Affective strategies

Handling emotions or attitudes

Cognitive strategies

Linking info, analyzing and classifying

Memory strategies

Entering new info and retrieving

Compensation strategies

Overcome deficiencies and gap