Bacterial Meningitis

Capsule, adhesin, secretory IgA protease, pneumolysin, autolysin, hydrogen peroxide

Gram (+), catalase (-), facultative anaerobe, encapsulated, oval or lancet-shaped, paired or short chains, α-hemolysis

Clinical symptoms; culture confirmation; Spinal Tap

penicillin; however MDR strains need amoxicillin or erythromycin in extreme cases or allergies

has pseudo LPS mechanism; D-galactose residues bind to receptors on cell membrane, attachment to cadherin through internalin;Sigma beta factor

 Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, catalase-positive ,oxidase-negative, beta-hemolysis

Clinical symptoms; culture confirmation; Spinal Tap;Mueller-Hinton agar specific can see hemolysis

penicillin; however MDR strains need amoxicillin or erythromycin in extreme cases or allergies

O antigen, K antigen, H antigen, LPS, Capsule, Antigenic Phase Variation, Exotoxin , fimbriae, intracellular survival and multiplication, siderophores, hemolysins, resistance to serum killing, antimicrobial resistance, verotoxin,

Gram (-), Aerobic or facultative anaerobe, fermentative, catalase (+)  rodsUrinary Tract; spread via consumption, commensal organisms, opportunistic infections, soil water, vegetation, -excretion from GI tract, animal reserve

Serological Testing to determine strain

Third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones

phagocyte -resistant capsules (PRP), adhesion proteins, lipooligosaccharide, pilus, IgA protease, Outer MB protein

Gram(-), coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic capnophilic, obligate parasites; normal residents of oral cavity, spread via direct contact, coughing, sneezing

Culture testing; grows well in C02 enriched incubator on chocolate agar

 doxycycline; second generation cephalosporins 

phagocyte -resistant capsules (PRP), adhesion proteins, lipooligosaccharide, pilus, IgA protease, Outer MB protein

Gram (-), oxidase (+), aerobe ,non-motile diplococci, 4 virulent strainsmicrobiota of upper respiratory system, spread via respiratory droplets

fimbriae, polysaccharide capsule,  lipooligosaccharide, LPS A

 3rd generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime; vaccination available

Atypical in response to antibiotics; Generally stains poorly due to lack of peptidoglycan or irregular cellular wall or absence of one

Peptidoglycan layer linked with arabinose-galactose-mycolic acid, Wax D, free lipids, Cord Factor, Exported repetitive protein

aerobic, acid-fast, bacillary, nonmotileinfection via inhalation of infectious aerosols; colonizes lungs

Doesn't stain well through Gram staining; Acid-Fast staining; CSF analysis

Isoniazid and Rifampin;Pyrazinamide , Ethambutol ; BCG vaccine

General:Spinal Tap; CSF fluid analysis

General Signs and Symptoms:Painful, stiff neck with limited rangeHeadachesHigh feverBruisingSkin RashSensitivity to light