LLS Typology

Direct strategies

Memory strategies

Creating mental linkages

Reviewing well

Employing action

Cognitive strategies

Practice

Receiving and sending messages

Analyzing and reasoning

Compensation strategies

Creating structure for input and output

Indirect strategies

Metacognitive strategies

Arranging and planning your learning

Centering your learning

Evaluating your learning

Affective strategies

Lowering your anxiety

Encouraging yourself

Taking your emotional temperature

Social strategies

Asking questions

Cooperating with others

Empathizing with others

Metacognitive strategies

Advance organization

Advance preparation

Organizational planning

Selective attention

Self-monitoring

Self-evaluation

Self-management

Cognitive strategies

Resourcing

Grouping

Note taking

Summarizing

Deduction

Imagery

Auditory representation

Elaboration

Transfer

Inferencing

Socio-affective strategies

Questioning for clarification

Cooperation

Self-talk

Classroom LLS (CLLS)

Sitting near students who are proficient in the target language

Asking for a friend's or teacher's clarification

answer silently to oneself

Out-Of-Class LLS (OLLS)

Conversing in English with the parents at home

Discussing with friends after class

Watching English movies

Exam LLS (ELLS)

Learner's preparation leading to an examination such as joining a discussion group

Doing exercises in workbooks

Memorizing essay format