linguistic

The phonemic chart

phonemes

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another word in a language.

allophones

Allophone, one of the phonetically distinct variants of a phoneme. The occurrence of one allophone rather than another is usually determined by its position in the word (initial, final, medial, etc.) or by its phonetic environment.

Syntax is the study of how phrases, clauses and sentences are constructed and combined in particular languages. Writing a grammar requires defining the rules that govern the structure of the sentences of the language. Such rules involve both the order of words, and the form of words in their various possible positions.

Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between words, phrases and other bits of language and on how these words and phrases connect to the world.

Pragmatics is similar to semantics , but it involves the study of how speakers of a language use the language to communicate and accomplish what they want.