Eukarya Domain

Protists are grouped together in this kingdom because they are not a fungus, plant or animal. (miscellaneous group) Protists move by using pseudopods (false feet), ciliates (hair), flagella (tail).

Phylum Ciliophora

- Uses ciliates to move
- Lives in aquatic environments
- Feed on microorganisms like
yeast, bacteria, and algae

Phylum Cercozoa

- Uses pseudopods to move
- Lives in decaying vegetation
in fresh or saltwater or in animals
- Eats bacteria, metazoa, protozoa,
plant cells

Algae

- Found in freshwater
environments
- Spiral chloroplasts

Phylum Euglenozoa

- Autotrophs in sunlight
- Heterotrophs in the dark
- Has an eyespot to detect light

Phylum Oomycota

- Pseudoplasmodium
forms when food is scarce
- Ingests bacteria or yeast

Phylum Acrasiomycota

- Filamentous
- Some parasitic (extend threads into
host tissues and absorb nutrients)

Characteristics of ANIMALS
- Multicellular
- Their cells do not have cell walls
- Heterotrophs
- Usually mobile in at least one stage of life
- Reproduce sexually and produce an embryo

Classification
- Presence of backbone
Vertebrates have a backbone and invertebrates do not
have a backbone.
- Levels of organization
Varying levels of structure and complexity in systems (circulatory, respiratory, etc.)- Symmetry
- Body layers
All animals except sponges have 3 body layers. Ectoderm (outer layer) mesoderm (middle layer) , and endoderm (inner layer)
- Body cavity
Coelom is a fluid filled body cavity that contains organ systems
Coelomates have a coelom and acoelomates do not have a coelom
- Symmetry
Animals are either non symmetrical, have radial symmetry (body parts repeat around one axis point) or have bilateral symmetry (body has a mirror image, two equal halves) Segmentation
Division of body into repetitive sections or segments
- Movement
Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = stationary
- Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually. Gametes formed through meiosis. Asexual reproduction methods are fragmentation and budding.

Phylum Porifera

- Sponges
- Asymmetric
- No tissues/organs
- Filter feeders

Phylum Cnidaria

- Eg. Jellyfish
Have a single orifice and body cavity
that are used for digestion and
respiration
Classified into 4 groups
- Sessile Anthozoa
- Swimming Scyphozoa
- Cubozoa
- Hydrozoa

Phylum Echinodermata

- Eg. Starfish, sea urchins
- Have radial symmetry,
- Most are able to reproduce
asexually
and regenerate tissue, organs,
and limbs.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

- Eg. Flatworms
- Invertebrates
- Bilateral symmetry
- Flattened body
- Can be scavengers or parasites
- Sexually and asexually

Phylum Nematoda

- Eg. Tapeworms
- Have true digestive system
open at both ends (mouth and anus)
- Round body
- Parasites
- Sexually and asexually

Phylum Annelida

- Eg. Leeches
- Segmented worms
- Closed circulatory system
(blood is contained in tubes)
- Eat microscopic critters in the soil
- Sexually and asexually

Phylum Mollusca

- Eg. Squid
- Body cavity is a hemocoel
(open circulatory system)
- Most molluscs have muscular
mouths with radulae
- Most perform external fertilization
- Hermaphrodite molluscs use
internal fertilization

Phylum Arthropoda

- Eg. Spiders
- insects and crustaceans
- Invertebrates with exoskeletons
(made of chitin)
- Hemolymph
- All terrestrial species use internal
fertilization
- Aquatic can use internal or external

Phylum Chordata

- Eg. Humans
- All chordates have had a notochord
in one stage in their life
- are deuterostomes
- are bilaterally symmetric
- have a fluid-filled body cavity

Subphylum Cephalochordata

- Lancets (Amphioxus)
- Small, "vaguely fish-shaped"
animals that lack brains,
clearly defined heads and
specialized sense organs

Subphylum Tunicata

- Sea squirts, larvaceans both of
which are soft-bodied filter-feeders
- Sessile
- Salps float in water and feeds on
plankton

Subphylum Vertebrata

- Chordates with the notochord
replaced by a vertebral
column during development

Classes of Vertebrata

- Eg. Lampreys
- Jawless fish
- Earliest vertebrates
- Most agnathans have
a skeleton made of cartilage
- Fertilization of eggs takes
place outside the body.

- Eg. Eels
- Jawed fish
- Specific organs for respiration,
excretion and blood circulation.
- Have a swim bladder (gas filled
sac)

- Eg. Sharks
- Flexible skeleton made
of cartilage instead of bone
- One or two dorsal fins

- Eg. Frogs
- Live part of their lives in the
water and part of their lives
on the land
- 4 legged

- Eg. Snakes
- First class of organisms to
adapt to life on land
- Cannot regulate own body
temperature
- Powerful jaw

- Eg. Falcons
- Have backbones
- Have feathers
- Endothermic
- Hollow bones

- Eg. Dogs
- Have hair
- Specialized Teeth
- Endothermic (warm-blooded)
- Have mammary Glands
- Have placenta (most)
- Diaphragm
- Give birth to live young except
monotremes and marsupials

Characteristics of FUNGI
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Heterotrophs
- Have chitin cell walls
- Reproduce sexually or asexually
- Classified by reproduction

Structure
Hyphae: thread-like structure that makes up the base
Mycelium: Complex net like mass made of branching hyphae
Fruiting body: Spores producing reproductive structure

Nutrients
Parasitic
Predatory
Mutualistic
Saprobial

Fungi Imperfecti

Deuteromycota - diverse but no sexual structures
E.g. Trichophyton rubrum (causes Athlete’s foot)

Chytrids

Chytridiomycota – mostly unicellular , aquatic, spores have flagella
E.g. Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart)

Zygospores

Zygomycota– usually multicellular, terrestrial
Eg. rhizopus (bread mould)

Sac Fungi

Ascomycota – largest group, develop finger-like sacs,
include yeasts

Club Fungi

Basidiomycota– have short lived fruiting bodies
E.g. mushrooms in the grass

Characteristics of PLANTS
- Autotrophs
- Not motile
- Primary food source is starch
- Produce sexually or asexually (by fragmentation)
- Seeds are plant embryos

Non Vascular (Bryophytes)

- Eg. Mosses
- Do not have vascular tissues, roots, stems, or leaves
- Depend on diffusion and osmosis for transport
- Have rhizoids

Vascular

- Classified by seed or seedless plants
- 3 main structures: roots, stem, leaf
- 2 vascular tissue are xylem (carry water and minerals) and phloem (carry glucose)

2 types of seed bearing plants:
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Gymnosperm (Cone bearing)

Gymnosperms are plants that produce
naked seeds (mostly cone bearing plants)
using their sexual reproductive organs.
Eg. Pine trees

Pollination

- The pollen from the male cones are carried by the wind to the female cones to make seeds in a process
- The seeds are protected by a structure like a maple key and fall to the ground to germinate and grow into new trees.

Angiosperm (Flowering)

Angiosperms are produce protected seeds
using flowers as are their sexual
reproductive organs
Eg Tulips

Pollination

- pollen is spread from the anther to the stigma of another plant (cross pollination) or the same plant (self pollination) by bees, insects, wind, etc.-
a pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary
- a sperm travels down the tube to fertilize one egg resulting in the development of a seed

Monocot

One cotyledon (1 Seed Leaf)
Leaves of 3 petals
Parallel veins
Scattered vascular bundles

Dicot

Two cotyledon (2 Seed Leaves)
Leaves of 4 or 5 petals
Network veins
Vascular bundles in rings

Roots

- anchoring the plant to the ground
- extracting water and minerals from the soil
- some also store food energy (as starch)
- 3 main types of root are tap root, fibrous root, and adventitious

Stem

- supporting leaves and flowers
- holding the leaves and flowers in the best position for food gathering and reproduction
- using xylem and phloem to transport materials from areas of plenty to areas of need in various parts of the plant
- storing nutrients for future use

Leaf

- maximizing surface area for photosynthesis
- controlling the intake and release of gases (opening called “stoma” which are surrounded by 2 guard cells)