Computer and Society (CS)

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Components of a Scientific Theory

par Aly Sheta

CHAPTER 8 - PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION

par Cary Chicaiza

ICT Portfolio

par Jason Oliver

Middleware

par Justin Meyers

Computer and Society (CS)

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Response

Legal precedent

Consider the potential for negative publicity

Review

Evaluate how the organization responded

Determine exactly what happened

Follow-up

Determine how security was compromised

Eradication effort

Create new backups

Verify necessary backups are current and complete

Collect and log all possible criminal evidence from the system

Act quickly to contain an attack

Document all details of a security incident

All external conversations

All system events and Specific actions taken

Incident notification defines:

Who to notify and Who not to notify

Primary goals

Limit damage

Regain control

Response plan

Approved by

Senior management

Legal department

Develop well in advance of any incident

Educating Employees, Contractors, and Part-Time Workers

Help protect information systems by:

Reporting all unusual activity

Applying strict access controls to protect data

Not allowing others to use passwords

Guarding passwords

Discuss recent security incidents that affected the organization

Educate users about the importance of security

Motivate them to understand and follow security policy which is a written statement that defines an organization’s security requirements, as well as the controls and sanctions needed to meet those requirements.

Prevention

Perform a security audit: A process that evaluates whether an organization has a well-considered security policy in place and if it is being followed.

Back up critical applications and data regularly

Keep track of well-known vulnerabilities

CERT/CC

SANS

Antivirus software

Scans for a specific sequence of bytes

Examples: Norton Antivirus, McAfee

Firewall

Limits network access

Risk Assessment

Aims to improve security in areas with:

Poorest level of protection

Highest estimated cost

The process of assessing security-related risks from both internal and external threats to an organization’s computers and networks

Reducing Vulnerabilities

To increase the security of a system, we need to…

Create a clear reaction (response) plan

Monitor to detect a possible intrusion

Educate users

Identify actions that address the most serious vulnerabilities

Assess threats to an organization’s computers and network (i.e., risk management)

Requires a wide range of activities to be effective

Combination of technology, policy, and people

Cyberterrorists

An individual who launches computer-based attacks against other computers or networks in an attempt to intimidate or coerce a government in order to advance certain political or social objectives.

Cybercriminals

Loss of customer trust has more impact than fraud

Engage in all forms of computer fraud

An individual, motivated by the potential for monetary gain, who hacks into computers to steal, often by transferring money from one account to another.

Industrial Spies

Industrial espionage

Obtains information not available to the public

Uses illegal means

Competitive intelligence

Gathers information available to the public

Uses legal techniques

Someone who uses illegal means to obtain trade secrets from competitors.

Malicious Insiders

Work on the structure of your essay.

Insiders are not necessarily employees

Can also be consultants and contractors

Collusion is cooperation between an employee and an outsider

Usually due to weaknesses in internal control procedures

Estimated 85 percent of all fraud is committed by employees

Top security concern for companies

Develop the ideas presented in the introduction.

Someone who gain financially and/or disrupt company’s information systems and business operations

Create a catchy introductory paragraph.

Take into consideration the interests of your audience.

Hackers and Crackers

Crackers or Black Hat hackers are also called cheaters or simply criminals. They are called criminals because they intend to cause harm to security, stealing very useful data and using it in wrong ways.

Hacker: Someone who tests the limitations of information systems out of intellectual curiosity—to see if he or she can gain access. These are also called Ethical Hackers or white hat hackers

Perpetrators

Terrorists seeking to cause destruction

Industrial spies trying to gain an advantage

Common criminals looking for financial gain

Thrill seekers wanting a challenge

Types of Attacks

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Most frequent attack is on a networked computer from an outside source

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of the essay which you're going to analyze.

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)

Egress filtering

Ensuring spoofed packets don’t leave a network

Subtopic

Ingress filtering

When Internet service providers (ISPs) prevent incoming packets with false IP addresses from being passed on.

Spoofing generates a false return address on packets therefore, sources of attack cannot be identified and turned off

Does not involve a break-in at the target computer

Legitimate users cannot get in

Target machine is busy responding to a stream of automated requests

Malicious hacker takes over computers on the Internet and causes them to flood a target site with demands for data and other small tasks

The computers that are taken over are called zombies

Trojan horse

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Used to steal passwords, or spy on users by recording keystrokes

Users are tricked into installing it

disguised as iTunes file or malicious web site

Add some reasons to support your previous choice.

Program that a hacker secretly installs

Worm

Negative impact of virus or worm attack

Effort for IT workers

to clean up mess

Lost productivity

as IT workers attempt to recover data & programs

Lost data and programs

Can propagate without human intervention (unlike viruses)

replicate itself in order to consume resources to bring system down.

Harmful programs

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Reside in active memory of a computer

Virus

Famous Virus: Melissa

Infect documents

insert unwanted words, numbers or phrases

Macro viruses

Created in an application macro language

Most common types of virus and easily created

Does not spread itself from computer to computer

Must be passed on to other users through

Shared files

Infected e-mail document attachments

Deliver a “payload”

reformat hard drive

delete or modify a document

display a message

Often attached to files - when file is opened, virus executes

that causes a computer to behave in unexpected and undesirable manner

Usually disguised as something else

Malicious pieces of programming code

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IT Security Incidents: A Worsening Problem

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Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center (CERT/CC).

Higher computer user expectations.

Computer users share login IDs and passwords

Computer help desks

Sometimes forget to

Check whether users are authorized to perform the requested action.

Verify users’ identities.

Under intense pressure to provide fast responses to users’ questions.

Bring Your Own Device.

A business policy that permits and encourages employees to use their own mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, or laptops) to access company computing resources and applications.

Increased reliance on commercial software with known vulnerabilities.

Since security fixes could make Software harder to use or eliminate “nice to have” features.

US companies continue to use installed software “as is”

JRE

RealPlayer

IE

Often patches are released on a regular basis, one example being Microsoft’s Patch Tuesday. On the second Tuesday of each month, Microsoft releases security fixes that resolve identified holes. If, however, a critical vulnerability is discovered, a patch may be released outside of schedule

Software developers quickly create and issue patch:

delays in installing patches expose users to security breaches

users are responsible for obtaining and installing patches - which they can download from the Web

a “fix” to eliminate the problem

Zero-day attack

Takes place before a vulnerability is discovered or fixed

Exploit

Due to poor system design or implementation

Takes advantage of a particular system vulnerability

Attack on system

Increasing complexity increases vulnerability.

Number of possible entry points to a network expands continuously as more devices added.

this increases possibility of security breaches

Continues to increase in complexity:

all interconnected and driven by 100s of millions of lines of code.

switches, routers, gateways

apps, web sites

networks, computers, OSes

Computing environment is enormously complex .

Number of IT-related security incidents is increasing around the world.

Security concerns must be balanced against other business needs and issues.

Security of information technology is critical

List first-hand information :

• historical and legal documents
• eyewitness accounts
• results of experiments
• statistical data
• pieces of creative writing