Longitudinal: Longitudinal stress is the tension that develops when an internal pressure is applied to a pipe. Because it travels perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe's centerline axis, a pipe's longitudinal stress moves in the direction of the pipe's length.
Volumetric strain is calculated by dividing the volume change by the initial volume.
Types
Compressive : the stress that develops when an elastic body shortens in one dimension as a result of opposing collinear forces that are attempting to crush it
Shear stress is a force that causes a material to slip along a plane or planes parallel to the applied stress, which tends to deform the material.
Tensile: Tensile stress is a quantity that is present in conjunction with stretching or tensile pressures. The result is an elongation of the material along the axis of the applied load.
Stress causes a substance to distort, which is known as strain. It is only a ratio of the length change to the starting length.
The modulus of elasticity, often known as the elastic modulus or simply the modulus, is what determines how elastic a material is. The elastic modulus of a material expresses its resistance to elastic, or non-permanent, deformation.
Main topic
Shear Modulus (or Modulus of Rigidity): In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, represented by G, or occasionally S or, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the proportion of shear stress to shear strain. E = tensile stress/tensile strain = (FL) / (A * change in L), which is Young's modulus equation.
According to Hooke's Law, for relatively slight deformations, the displacement or size of an object is inversely related to the deforming force or load. F = kx.
A solid or liquid's bulk modulus is a numerical constant that describes how elastic it is when subjected to external pressure. When pressure is applied, a material's volume drops, but when the pressure is released, the substance returns to its normal volume.
Elastic Modulus: Elastic modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit. It is a measurement of a material's stiffness or rigidity. Strain equals (elastic modulus)stress
Importance of Stress
Researchers measure properties of materials and how they behave under stress. Yield strength, Sy , is the amount of stress a material can take without plastically (permanently) deforming. If the stress is greater than the yield stress, the material will deform plastically, but not break
