Common Ancestor
-DNA as genetic storage
-Ester bonds in cell membranes

Bacteria
-Presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Common ancestor of Eukarya & Archaea
-Presence of histones

Eukarya
-Presence of membrane-bound organelles
-Presence of membrane-bound nucleus

Excavata
-Feeding groove
-Secondary Plastids

SAR clade

Stramenopila
-Tripartite flagellar hair
-Secondary plastids

Diatoms

Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)

Alveolata
-membranous vesicles on cell membrane
-secondary plastids but dinoflagellates can tertiary plastids

Rhizaria
-filose pseudopodia

Radiolarians

Foraminiferas

Archaeplastida
-primary plastids

rhodophytes (Red Algae)

Common ancestor of chlorophytes, charophytes, and lan plants
-cell walls made of cellulose
-chlorophyll a & b and b-carotene

Common ancestor of charophytes and land plants
-ring-shaped cellulose-synthesizing proteins
-phramgoplast

Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)
-common ancestor of land plants
-Sporic life cycle
-embryo
-desiccation-resistant spores
-apical meristems
-gametangia
-sporangia

Common ancestor of Mosses, Hornworts, Lycophytes, Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Common ancestor of Hornworts, Lycophytes, Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Common ancestor of Lycophytes and Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
-Lignin
-Xylem & Phloem
-Leaves
-Dominant sporophytes generation
-Thick waxy cuticle
-Stomata

Common ancestor of Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
-Megaphylls

Common ancestor of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
-pollen
-seed
-heterospory
-wood
-ovules

Gymnosperms
-"naked seeds"

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

Angiosperms
-"enclosed seeds"
-fruit
-endosperm
-ovaries

Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)

White Water Lily (Nymphaea alba)

Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
-Monilophytes

Fan clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum)
-Lycophytes

Field hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis)

Woolly Feather Moss (Tomentypnum nitens)

Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)

Charophytes (Braun's stonewort (Chara braunii))
-zygotic life cycle

Chlorophytes (Green Algae)

Unikonta

Amebozoa
-movement with pseudopodia

slime molds

Opisthokonta
-single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Fungi
-multicellularity
-absorptive heterotrophy
-cell wall
-zygotic life cycle

Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)

Black Bread Mold (>Rhizopus stolonifer)

Common Ancestor of Choanoflagellate and Animals

Animals
American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
-multicellularity
-absorptive heterotrophy
-mobility
-complex organ systems
-gametic life cycle

Porifera
-Asymmetry
-No tissues

Eumetazoa
-Tissue
-Symmetry

Bilateria
-triploblasty
-bilateral symmetry
-cephalization

Deuterostomia
-radial & indeterminate cleavage

Chordata
-notochord
-dosal nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits
-endostyle

Common ancestor of vertebrates & urochordates

Vertebrates
-cranium
-vertebral column

Gnathostomes
-jaws
-bony skeleton

Chondrichthyes
-bony skeleton lost
-cartilaginous skeleton in extant species

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
-lungs/lung derivatives

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygil)

Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii)
-skeleton extends into the fin

Common ancestor of lungfishes & tetrapods

Tetrapods
-4 limbs with digits

Amphibians
-non-amniotic egg

Amniotes
-amniotic egg

Mammals
-hair
-milk
-endotherm

Common ancestor of Marsupials & Eutherians

Eutherians

Marsupials

Monotremes
-egg-laying mammals

Reptiles
-ectotherm

Lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians)

Archosaurs

Turtles

Common ancestor of birds & crocodilians

Birds (Aves)

Crocodilians

Lungfishes

Coelocanths

Agnathans (Cyclostome)

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Myxini (hagfish)

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

Echinodermata
-"spiny skin"
-water vascular system
-adults radially symmetrical, larvae are bilaterally
symmetrical
-no brain
-complete digestive tract