is reduced to
is oxidized to
causing
able to do so by
as the
by
passed by trhough
from
invovles
involves
producing
exergonic reactions
reactants
reactants
occurs in
occurs in
produced by
produced by
used to
releases
initial reactions
to form
combines with
as the
with
reduces to
reduces
begins with
can be
passes by
arranged in
called
one molecule generates
one molecule generates
passes electrons to
inlcudes
includes
of
used to
movement causes
creates proton channel into matric for
activates
functions based off
located in
located in
and
processes
undergoes
produces
is added to
begins with
is
Attachment by
becomes
oxidized by
goes through
goes through
goes through
occurs in
begins with
facilitated by
leads to
in animal cells
in plant cells
occurs in
under anaerobic conditions
final product
final product
final product
used to make
becomes
2 PGAL becomes oxidized
2 PGAL becomes oxidized
phophorylated again into
rearranged into
is phosphorylated into
begins with
occurs in
process of
occurs in
is
is
reactant
reactant
is
product
key process
key process
key process
key process
produces sugar to make ATP in
occurs in membrane of
steroid produces cellular response thru binding to DNA
steroid and receptor can translocate to
steroid hormone passes thru membrane and binds to
typically
starts with
typically
causes a
phosphorylates an
activates
will activate other proteins in phosphorylation cascade
can now interact with & activate
phosphorylates by converting 6ATP to 6ADP
dimerization causes
ligand binding reaction forms
response is typically
produces a signal transduction cascade by activating other proteins
will activate another protein
activation of a second messenger by converting ATP to
active g-protein disassociates from receptor and bind with
thru conversion of GDP to GTP
receptor changes shape after binding & allows for
typically
binds with
binds with
starts with
internal protein
transmembrane protein
of
ends up becoming
releases
creates
same steps as cyclical flow until Fd
electrons go into
product
passes electrons to
cyclical flow
occurs under aerobic conditions
by
product
passes electrons to
occurs in

Energy and Cell Communication

Cell Signaling

Membrane

Ligand

G-Protein Coupled Receptor

Phosphorylation of G-Protein

Activated G-Protein

Enzyme (Adenylyl Cyclase)

cAMP (second messenger)

Protein Kinase A

Cellular Response

Regulation of Cellular Activities

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

Tyrosine Kinase Dimer

Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Fully Activated Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

Relay Molecules

Protein Kinase 1

Protein Kinase 2

Active Protein

Cellular Response

Regulation of Cellular Activities

Hormones

Intracellular

Ligand

Hydrophobic Signaling Molecule

Cytoplasmic Receptors

Nucleus

Gene Expression Regulation

Energy in plants is made through photosynthesis

found in Mesophyll

Contains 30-40 chloroplasts

Stomata-

- takes in CO2 and removes O2

2 stages

Stage 1 (light reactions)

H2O splits into electrons and H+ protons

O2 released

NADP+ reduced

ATP through photophosphorylation

Thylakoid

Photosystem I

light enters

electrons from ETC enter

electrons jump to exited state from ground state over and over

electrons go into special pair that absorbs light at 700 nm

primary acceptor

ferredoxin

NADP+ reductase

produces NADPH

Photosystem II

H2O enters

light enters

electrons chain through

electrons jump to exited state from ground state over and over

electrons go into special pair that absorbs light at 700 nm

primary acceptor

Electrons sent down ETC

plastoquinone

cytochrome complex

plastocyanin

Cyclical flow

Non cyclical flow

Stage 2 (Calvin Cycle)

Calvin cycle makes sugar

CO2 is fixed through carbon fixation

ATP provides energy, NADPH provides electrons

Alternatives for carbon fixation

C4

CAM

Calvin Cycle

3 CO2 enter

use enzyme Rubisco to fixate carbon

Adds to Ribulose bisphosphate

eventually releases sugar

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

cell cytosol

splitting of sugar

under anaerobic conditions

glucose

glucose-6-phosphate

fructose-6-phosphate

fructose-1,6-diphosophate

using 2NAD+

2NADH

releases energy

4 substrate level phosporylations

2 NADH

key process

fermentation

cytoplasm

ethanol

lactic acid

lactic acid buildup

4 ATP

2 net ATP

Pyruvate Oxidation

pyruvate dehydrogenase

2 pyruvate

decarboxylation

oxidation

2NAD+

2NADH

attachement

acetyl CoA

final product for channeling energy

matrix of mitochondira

Citric Acid Cycle

2 acetyl coA

2 oxaloacetate

2 citrate

changes to its structure

products

2FAD2

4CO2

6NADH

2ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

concentration gradient

ATP syntahse

protons

liberates energy

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

intermembrane space

mitochondrion

cristae

reduces coenzymes

NADH

3 ATP

FADH2

2 ATP

electron acceptors

cytochromes

transmembrane

NADH dehydrogenase

ubiquinone

cytochrome oxidase complex

oxygen

final electron receptor

protons

water

least to most electronegative

redox reactions

protons released

free energy

actively pump protons from matrix to outer compartments

to generate ATP

36 net ATP

substrate-level phosphorylation

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

ATP formed directly

inorganic phosphate

ADP

energy released cause reactants to join

ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

electrons

reduced coenzyme

electron transport chain

redox reactions

oxygen

the final electron receptor

harvest energy from organic compounds

oxidizing glucose

small amounts of energy being released at a time

C6H12O6

6CO2

6O2

6H20

exothermic

catabolic

ATP

Floating topic

Floating topic