THE ACCULTURATION MODEL

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THE ACCULTURATION MODEL

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Psychological factors A learner may learn L2 within such social conditions that are not suitable for SLA, however he/she may not learn under favorable social condition. There are 4 affective variables:

Motivation It involves the learner's reason for acquiring the target language. It could be: Integrative Motivation: He values and admires the target language Instrumental Motivation: He wants to learn TL for some utilitarian reasons.

Ego-permeability Learners native likeability in L2 develops "language ego". In the early stages of development, language ego boundaries are permeable, but later they become fixed and rigid.

Culture shook It can be defined as anxiety resulting from the confusion a learner encounters while entering a new culture.

Language shock Learner's attempt to speak a second language with the fear that they will appear comic. Adults feel ridicule whereas children are not afraid of criticism.

Social Factors Two social groups with different languages are in a contact situation: 1. Second Language Learning Group 2. Target Language Group There are 8 social variables:

Length of residence in the target language area. If the 2LL group remains for a long time in the TL area, it is likely to develop more widespread contacts with the TL group.

Attitude. Positive attitude towards each other's group facilitates learning.

Congruence. If both cultures are similar, socia contact between the two groups will be more likely to happen spontaneously.

Size. It means that if the 2LL group is large, the intragroup contact will be more frequent than intergroup contact.

Cohesiveness. It means that if the 2LL group is cohesive, it will tend to remain separate from the TL group.

Enclosure. It has to do with the degree to which the 2LL group and the TL group share the same social constructs (schools, clubs, etc) If the two groups share these constructs enclosure is said to be low and contact between the two groups is improved.

Integration pattern: Assimilation, Preservation, Adaptation. Assimilation: The 2LL group gives up its own values and life-style adopting the values, lifestyle and views of TL group promoting acquisition of the target language and improving contact between both groups. Preservation: The 2LL maintains its own lifestyle, values and refuses to adapt the TL group values and views creating social distance between both of them and increasing the possibility of not acquiring the target language. Adaptation: The 2LL group adopts the lifestyle and views of the TL group, yet maintains its own values and lifestyle.

Social Dominance It explains how political, cultural, technological and economical differences between the 2LL group and TL group influence language acquistion process. Sometimes the target language tends to be not learned by TL group if the 2LL group is superior in all the areas mentioned before.

COMMUNICATION ACCOMODATION THEORY

CAT's elements are: Convergence:when you make your speech similar to who you’re talking with. Divergence: It emphasizes differences in speech and nonverbal behavior between communicators.

CAT (Communication Accomodation Theory) can be applied to communication taking place between people who belong to different cultural or demographic groups based on: AGE GENDER RACE OR NATIONALITY SEXUAL ORIENTATION, RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION POLITICAL AFFILIATION ETC.

It was supported by Dr. Howard Giles a professor at the University of California Santa Barbara.

Definition. It is based on the social psychology of acculturation ( the process by which a human being acquires the culture of a particular society from infancy) It means it mantain that certain certain social and psychological variables cluster into a single variable, acculturation.

Learner's role focuses on acquiring the target language to the degree they acculturate to the target language group.

A L2 acquisition model designed by John H. Schumann in 1978