Chapter3 Planning and desgining research projects

The responsiblilty and position of the researchers

the knowledge of the phenomenon that the researcher already has

the possibility of access to individuals and further information

the high level of motivation which can be brought to the research

The researcher unable to view the situation as objectively as prior interest or knowledge

Example: a tested theory, a theory related to manufacture not service organisations, a theory created by entire men, not women,

The difference: Confidential and not examined wider implication by organisationPublic and more general implication by academics

Some social issue may stimulate the social research

The entire basis of the research, a source of ideas on topics for research, a source of information research done by others, a source of methodological or theoretical ideas, a source of comparison between your research and that of others, a source of information that is an intergral or supportive part of the research

Some research might be replicated based on the historyComparsion between Los Angels and SydneyConclusion: Even the same topic or the same research, different enviroment may cause the different research.

The research is ongoing and unpredicable by the actived communcation such as annual reportsm newspaper or websites.

How to understand the concept, definition and operationlisation

T is the concept staff turenoverE is the concept size of organisationa and b are parameters.

What kind of the problems could provide a basis for more detailed or extensive research?

For example: What is the relationship between advertising expenditure and revenue?A hypothesis dealing with the same topic might be expressed as:There is a postive relationship between advertising expenditure and revenue.

Hypotheses are stated in the form that predict a difference between two groups in relation to some variable, or that there is a relationship between two variables.For example: There is a difference between the organisational commitment of male employees and female employess.There is a relationship between job satisfaction and salary level.

They do not need to predict the direction of the difference or relationship.

Example: Female employees have a higher level of organisational commitment than male employees.There is a postive relationship between job satisfaction and salary level.Directional hypotheses are two kinds: a higher level of commitment and a postive relationship.

A list of the information needs should be important to rise. The concept of operationalising concepts is to decide how a concept or variable is to measured.Notice: Identified or assessed would be more appropriate than measured.

After the research collect the methods, they will plan the data collection process. They also need to consider whether the process is out into the field and the planning of the fieldworkExample: The pilot study planning process is not only the wording of questionaire, but also discover the duration of the process, because the duration may affect the budget or the scale of data gathering

In some case study, the analysis of data, thoughts and skills are very complex and needed to be undertaken. When the researchers collect the qualitative data, thoughts must be given as how the results of the interviews will be analysed.

Because of the budget and timetable, the research is limited to reach.Example: Student research, consultancy research, some other projects.

Good research; good preparationBad research; inexperienced researchers, too rapid preparation, no convinced

Reporting the research and writing the research as sonn as possible

Ten elements of proposal:What, how , when, who, how many and how many, extra.The most important principle is to address the brief.

Projects: Undergraduate, PHD thesis or a funded projectCases study: Using some reasonable detail or elements on the literarure or research

Potential Consultants: through the advertisement, they will be asked some questions to indicate an expression of interest in the project which is a brief statement of the consultants' ability, experience and staff.

Limited,but brief can indicate proposals

The client's meaning and intentionsDicussion: the relationship between the client organisations and their requirements. If the clients ask many requirements, what kind of problems will rise?

Management agenda.

Plagiarism and honesty in reporting of resultsThere are codes of ethics that regulate the people's activties to protect the human beings or animals who might be researched. If someone involve the activities, they will be pulished such as litigation or indemnity.Example: The Academy of Management publishes its Cod of Ethical Conduct annually in the December issue of the Academy of Management Journal.

Issue: Although some surveys are not involved in the related reponsders' information because of the three parties among the surveys and the anonymous interviews, some people still can get the the reponsders' information inevitably. Solution: Using the false names or numbers which is involved in individuals, organisations, events, places and communities to aviod the leak of information.

Solution: It depends on the researchers' background.

Example: Apprentices, members of organisations, prisoners and some patients in hospitals

Only the researchers can recognize the usage of the information that the respondents provide. They must promise that they couldn't abuse the information in some illegal situations which means they must obey some guidelines and monitor what might happen to the information.

Example; Some research should be informed to be objected to be put in the front of the pubilc.Students should be informed that which organisation will be the beneficiary of the research.

Example: Racism or gender bias

An example: Be anonymousShort interviewNo danger and no privacyhappen in the management Suggested guideline in suvery: To show the interviewers' names Briefed questions so that interviewees can answer easilySome self-description of the purpose of the project in the paperInterviewers should introduce themselves firstThe interviewers should give the respondents the phone numberPrepare some short handout for the respondents

Whatever interviewers or organisation that will do the interview, they should have the skills or competence to promise that they would not hurt the respondents

Ensure the research through the literature which is entire

The research shouldn't be falsified.